Chapter 4. Functions

Table of Contents

4.1.1. Single Row Functions
4.1.2. Aggregate Functions
4.1.3. Analytic Functions

4.2.1. ABS
4.2.2. ACOS
4.2.3. ADD_MONTHS
4.2.4. AGGR_CONCAT
4.2.5. APPENDCHILDXML
4.2.6. ASCII
4.2.7. ASCIISTR
4.2.8. ASIN
4.2.9. ATAN
4.2.10. ATAN2
4.2.11. AVG
4.2.12. BITAND
4.2.13. CAST
4.2.14. CEIL
4.2.15. CHARTOROWID
4.2.16. CHR
4.2.17. COALESCE
4.2.18. COMPOSE
4.2.19. CONCAT
4.2.20. CONVERT
4.2.21. CORR
4.2.22. COS
4.2.23. COSH
4.2.24. COUNT
4.2.25. COVAR_POP
4.2.26. COVAR_SAMP
4.2.27. CUME_DIST
4.2.28. CURRENT_DATE
4.2.29. CURRENT_TIME
4.2.30. CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
4.2.31. DBTIMEZONE
4.2.32. DECODE
4.2.33. DECOMPOSE
4.2.34. DELETEXML
4.2.35. DENSE_RANK
4.2.36. DUMP
4.2.37. EMPTY_BLOB
4.2.38. EMPTY_CLOB
4.2.39. EXISTSNODE
4.2.40. EXP
4.2.41. EXTRACT
4.2.42. EXTRACT(XML)
4.2.43. EXTRACTVALUE
4.2.44. FIRST
4.2.45. FIRST_VALUE
4.2.46. FLOOR
4.2.47. FROM_TZ
4.2.48. GETBLOBVAL
4.2.49. GETCLOBVAL
4.2.50. GETROOTELEMENT
4.2.51. GETSTRINGVAL
4.2.52. GREATEST
4.2.53. GROUPING
4.2.54. GROUPING_ID
4.2.55. GROUP_ID
4.2.56. HEXTORAW
4.2.57. INET_ATON
4.2.58. INET_NTOA
4.2.59. INITCAP
4.2.60. INSERTCHILDXML
4.2.61. INSERTCHILDXMLAFTER
4.2.62. INSERTCHILDXMLBEFORE
4.2.63. INSERTXMLAFTER
4.2.64. INSERTXMLBEFORE
4.2.65. INSTR
4.2.66. ISFRAGMENT
4.2.67. KURT
4.2.68. LAG
4.2.69. LAST_DAY
4.2.70. LAST
4.2.71. LAST_VALUE
4.2.72. LEAD
4.2.73. LEAST
4.2.74. LENGTH
4.2.75. LISTAGG
4.2.76. LN
4.2.77. LNNVL
4.2.78. LOCALTIMESTAMP
4.2.79. LOG
4.2.80. LOWER
4.2.81. LPAD
4.2.82. LTRIM
4.2.83. MAX
4.2.84. MEDIAN
4.2.85. MIN
4.2.86. MOD
4.2.87. MONTHS_BETWEEN
4.2.88. NANVL
4.2.89. NEW_TIME
4.2.90. NEXT_DAY
4.2.91. NLSSORT
4.2.92. NLS_CHARSET_ID
4.2.93. NLS_INITCAP
4.2.94. NLS_LOWER
4.2.95. NLS_UPPER
4.2.96. NTILE
4.2.97. NULLIF
4.2.98. NUMTODSINTERVAL
4.2.99. NUMTOYMINTERVAL
4.2.100. NVL
4.2.101. NVL2
4.2.102. ORA_HASH
4.2.103. OVERLAPS
4.2.104. PERCENT_RANK
4.2.105. PERCENTILE_CONT
4.2.106. PERCENTILE_DISC
4.2.107. POWER
4.2.108. RANK
4.2.109. REGR_SLOPE
4.2.110. REGR_INTERCEPT
4.2.111. REGR_COUNT
4.2.112. REGR_R2
4.2.113. REGR_AVGX
4.2.114. REGR_AVGY
4.2.115. REGR_SXX
4.2.116. REGR_SXY
4.2.117. REGR_SYY
4.2.118. RATIO_TO_REPORT
4.2.119. RAWTOHEX
4.2.120. REGEXP_COUNT
4.2.121. REGEXP_INSTR
4.2.122. REGEXP_REPLACE
4.2.123. REGEXP_SUBSTR
4.2.124. REMAINDER
4.2.125. REPLACE
4.2.126. REVERSE
4.2.127. ROUND(number)
4.2.128. ROUND(date)
4.2.129. ROWIDTOCHAR
4.2.130. ROW_NUMBER
4.2.131. RPAD
4.2.132. RTRIM
4.2.133. SESSIONTIMEZONE
4.2.134. SIGN
4.2.135. SIN
4.2.136. SINH
4.2.137. SKEW
4.2.138. SQRT
4.2.139. STDDEV
4.2.140. STDDEV_POP
4.2.141. STDDEV_SAMP
4.2.142. SUBSTR
4.2.143. SUM
4.2.144. SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH
4.2.145. SYS_CONTEXT
4.2.146. SYS_EXTRACT_UTC
4.2.147. SYS_GUID
4.2.148. SYSDATE
4.2.149. SYSTIME
4.2.150. SYSTIMESTAMP
4.2.151. TAN
4.2.152. TANH
4.2.153. TIMESTAMP_TO_TSN
4.2.154. TO_BINARY_DOUBLE
4.2.155. TO_BINARY_FLOAT
4.2.156. TO_BLOB
4.2.157. TO_CHAR(character)
4.2.158. TO_CHAR(datetime)
4.2.159. TO_CHAR(number)
4.2.160. TO_CLOB
4.2.161. TO_DATE
4.2.162. TO_DSINTERVAL
4.2.163. TO_LOB
4.2.164. TO_MULTI_BYTE
4.2.165. TO_NCHAR
4.2.166. TO_NUMBER
4.2.167. TO_SINGLE_BYTE
4.2.168. TO_TIME
4.2.169. TO_TIMESTAMP
4.2.170. TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ
4.2.171. TO_YMINTERVAL
4.2.172. TRANSLATE
4.2.173. TRIM
4.2.174. TRUNC(number)
4.2.175. TRUNC(date)
4.2.176. TSN_TO_TIMESTAMP
4.2.177. TZ_OFFSET
4.2.178. TZ_SHIFT
4.2.179. UID
4.2.180. UNISTR
4.2.181. UPDATEXML
4.2.182. UPPER
4.2.183. USER
4.2.184. USERENV
4.2.185. VAR_POP
4.2.186. VAR_SAMP
4.2.187. VARIANCE
4.2.188. VSIZE
4.2.189. XMLAGG
4.2.190. XMLCAST
4.2.191. XMLCDATA
4.2.192. XMLCOLATTVAL
4.2.193. XMLCOMMENT
4.2.194. XMLCONCAT
4.2.195. XMLELEMENT
4.2.196. XMLEXISTS
4.2.197. XMLFOREST
4.2.198. XMLPARSE
4.2.199. XMLPI
4.2.200. XMLQUERY
4.2.201. XMLROOT
4.2.202. XMLSERIALIZE
4.2.203. XMLSEQUENCE
4.2.204. XMLTABLE
4.2.205. XMLTRANSFORM

This chapter describes the embedded functions provided by Tibero.

4.1. Overview

Tiberoprovides various built-in functions. Some of the functions are defined in the SQL standard, and other functions are additionally provided by Tibero. Tibero's functions can be divided into two types: single row functions and aggregate functions.

Most functions have one or more parameters although some functions have no parameters. Each parameter has a specific data type. If an argument's data type is different from the type declared in a function, it will be converted as described in “3.3.1. Expression Conversion”. If the argument cannot be converted, an error will occur. In addition, if an argument exceeds a defined range, an error will occur.

All functions return a value. Most single-row functions return NULL if they receive NULL as an argument with the exception of a few functions such as CONCAT, NVL, and REPLACE.

When saving a function's return value in a column, note the allowed range of the value.

If a function's return value is a NUMBER, it should be within the precision and scale of the column.
If a function's return value is a CHAR, it should be within the maximum length of the column.
If a function's return value is a VARCHAR, it should be within the maximum length of the column.

4.1.1. Single Row Functions

Single row functions take column values as arguments from a single row. These kinds of functions can take both actual input data and column values as arguments.

Single row functions can be included in any expression in SQL statements.

4.1.2. Aggregate Functions

Aggregate functions take column values as arguments from one or more rows. These kinds of functions can take both actual input data and column values as arguments.

Aggregate functions can only be included in the SELECT, GROUP BY, and HAVING clauses in SELECT statements.

Examples of aggregate functions provided by Tibero include: AVG, COUNT, MAX, MIN, and SUM. These functions can calculate average value, row count, maximum value, minimum value, and sum for each given column, respectively. If a function receives actual data as an argument, it just returns the received data.

SELECT Clauses

An aggregate function can be nested only once in the SELECT clause in a SELECT statement. Functions cannot be nested in other clauses.

The following aggregate function returns an error:

COUNT(SUM(AVG(SALARY)))

For a nested function, the inner aggregate function is evaluated first, and then the outer function is evaluated for the values returned by the inner function. For example, for SUM(AVG(SALARY)), the average value of the SALARY column is calculated first, and then a sum of all the average values is calculated and returned.

Any expression except a conditional expression can be located inside parentheses. In the SELECT clause in a SELECT statement, an aggregate function can include another aggregate function.

The following aggregate function is valid:

SUM(AVG(SALARY) * COUNT(EMPNO) + 1.10)

The COUNT function can include an asterisk (*) inside parentheses. In this case, the total number of rows, not a specific column, is returned.

If a SELECT statement that includes an aggregate function is evaluated for a table that has no rows, no resulting row will be returned. However, if a SELECT clause includes the COUNT (*) function, one row that has a 0 for the column value will be returned.

GROUP BY Clauses

Aggregate functions are usually used with a GROUP BY clause in a SELECT statement. An aggregate function returns one value for each set of rows grouped by the GROUP BY clause. If a SELECT statement does not include a GROUP BY clause, the entire table is regarded as a single group.

The following SELECT statement includes a GROUP BY clause.

SELECT AVG(SALARY) FROM EMP
GROUP BY DEPTNO;

In the above statement, all rows in the EMP table are grouped by their DEPTNO column value, and then the average for the SALARY column for the employees in each group is calculated.

HAVING Clauses

A HAVING clause in a SELECT statement includes conditions for groups. It can also include aggregate functions for columns, including those in SELECT or GROUP BY clauses.

The following SELECT statement includes a HAVING clause:

SELECT AVG(SALARY) FROM EMP
GROUP BY DEPTNO
HAVING COUNT(EMPNO) >= 3;

The above statement calculates the average SALARY column values for departments that have three or more employees.

The reserved words DISTINCT and ALL can precede a parameter of an aggregate function. These reserved words define how to handle duplicate column values; DISTINCT removes duplicate column values, and ALL allows them.

For example, if four rows in a group have values of 20,000, 20,000, 20,000, and 40,000 for the SALARY column, the result of AVG (DISTINCT SALARY) will be 30,000 and the result of AVG(ALL SALARY) will be 25,000. If neither DISTINCT or ALL is specified, the default value is ALL.

The following table lists the aggregate functions provided by Tibero.

Aggregate Function	Description
AVG	Finds the average value of expr of all rows in a group.
CORR	Finds the correlation coefficient of expr1 and expr2, which are given as parameters.
COUNT	Counts the number of rows returned by a query.
COVAR_POP	Calculates the population covariance of expr1 and expr2.
COVAR_SAMP	Calculates the sample covariance of expr1 and expr2.
DENSE_RANK	Returns the rank of each row in a group after the rows have been sorted by each group.
FIRST	Picks the first row after sorting, applies the row to the specified aggregate function, and returns the result.
LAST	Picks the last row after sorting, applies the row to the specified aggregate function, and returns the result.
MAX	Finds the maximum expr value of all rows in a group.
MIN	Finds the minimum expr value of all rows in a group.
PERCENT_RANK	Finds the position of the value given as a parameter in a group.
PERCENTILE_CONT	An inverse distribution function that calculates the value that corresponds to the percentile rank given as a parameter by the continuous distribution model.
PERCENTILE_DISC	An inverse distribution function that assumes a discrete distribution model. It can be used as an analytic function.
RANK	Returns the rank of each row in a group after sorting rows by group.
REGR_SLOPE REGR_INTERCEPT REGR_COUNT REGR_R2 REGR_AVGX REGR_AVGY REGR_SXX REGR_SYY REGR_SXY	Calculates the linear equation that best fits the set of numeric data pairs.
STDDEV	Returns the standard deviation of expr.
STDDEV_POP	Returns the population standard deviation of expr.
STDDEV_SAMP	Returns the accumulated sample standard deviation of expr.
SUM	Finds the sum of expr values of all rows in a group.
VARIANCE	Returns the variance of expr.
VAR_POP	Returns the population variance of expr.
VAR_SAMP	Returns the sample variance of expr.
XMLAGG	Receives XML parts, collects them to make a XML document, and returns the document.

4.1.3. Analytic Functions

Analytic functions are used to calculate an aggregate value for a specific row group, similar to aggregate functions. They are different from aggregate functions in that all rows in a single row group do not share a single aggregate value. Each row has an aggregate value for its own row group because row groups are specified for each row. In an analytic function, the row group is called a window and is defined in analytic_clause. The window range can be defined by the number of physical rows or a calculated value.

Analytic functions are handled last, after everything except for ORDER BY clauses in a query block. The WHERE, GROUP BY, and HAVING clauses are all evaluated before analytic functions. Therefore, analytic functions can be located only in SELECT or ORDER BY clauses.

analytic_function

An analytic function consists of three parts: analytic_function, argument, and analytic_clause.

A detailed description of analytic_function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
analytic_function	Specifies an analytic function name.
arguments	Specifies a parameter for the function. The parameter type is based on the function.
OVER analytic_clause	A function can be used as an analytic function using "OVER analytic_clause".

analytic_clause

A function can be used as an analytic function using "OVER analytic_clause". Analytic functions are handled after all other clauses except for ORDER BY clauses in a query block. To select only a part of the results from an analytic function, wrap the query that performed the analytic function with a view and apply a WHERE clause to the view. Analytic functions cannot be used in analytic_clause. However, analytic functions can be used in a subquery.

A detailed description of analytic_clause follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
partition_by	Partitions the result set of the current query block before calculating an analytic function.
order_by_clause	Specifies how to sort rows within one partition divided by partition_by.
window_clause	Can be specified only when the order_by_clause of an analytic function is specified.

partition_by

This clause divides the result set of a current query block based on expr before calculating an analytic function. If this clause is not specified, the analytic function treats the entire query result as a single group.

Several analytic functions can be specified in a SELECT or an ORDER BY clause in one query block. Each analytic function can have a different PARTITION BY key.

A detailed description of partition_by follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
expr An expression that consists of constants, columns, and non-analytic functions.

Component	Description
expr	An expression that consists of constants, columns, and non-analytic functions.

order_by_clause

This clause specifies how to sort rows within a partition divided by partition_by. Several key values can be specified to sort rows.

For the order_by_clause used in analytic functions, location constants such as ORDER BY 1 cannot be used. SIBLINGS and column aliases of a SELECT list also cannot be used. Apart from these differences, the usage is the same as standard ORDER BY clauses.

The order_by_clause used in an analytic function only determines the order of rows in a partition, and does not determine the order of rows in the final result set of the query block. To do so, a separate ORDER BY clause for the query block should also be present.

A detailed description of order_by_clause follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
SIBLINGS	Used for a query in which hierarchical_query_clause is specified. order_by_clause determines the sorting order in a sibling node of a hierarchical query. Cannot be used in an analytic function.
expr	Expression used as a sorting key.
position	Specifies the position of expr specified in select_list. Cannot be used in an analytic function.
ASC	Specifies the sorting order. Sorts in ascending order.
DESC	Specifies the sorting order. Sorts in descending order.
NULLS FIRST	Specifies the sorting order of NULL. Used as the default for ascending order sort.
NULLS LAST	Specifies the sorting order of NULL. Used as the default for descending order sort.

window_clause

Some analytic functions can have a window_clause. window_clause cannot be specified without also specifying an order_by_clause. If window_clause is not specified, then the keywords RANGE, BETWEEN, UNBOUNDED, PRECEDING, and CURRENT ROW are set to the default window.

A detailed description of window_clause follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
ROWS	Sets a window type to ROW. An analytic function operates on the rows of a window defined by the current row. It defines a windows in physical row units. If a window is specified with ROWS, an analytic function returns different rows even if the result of order_by_clause is the same.
RANGE	Sets a window type to RANGE. RANGE defines a window by specifying a logical offset based on the current row. Unlike ROW, the returned rows of the window specified with RANGE are always the same. When RANGE is specified, only one key can be specified in order_by_clause. If a window is specified with RANGE, an analytic function always returns the same rows if the result of order_by_clause is the same. The example in “4.2.143. SUM” shows this behavior.
BETWEEN ... AND	Indicates the start point and the end point of a window. The start point is the row specified before AND, and the end point is the row specified after AND. If only one point is specified without specifying BETWEEN ... AND, that point becomes the start point and the current row becomes the end point.

Description

ROWS

Sets a window type to ROW. An analytic function operates on the rows of a window defined by the current row. It defines a windows in physical row units.

If a window is specified with ROWS, an analytic function returns different rows even if the result of order_by_clause is the same.

RANGE

Sets a window type to RANGE. RANGE defines a window by specifying

a logical offset based on the current row.

Unlike ROW, the returned rows of the window specified with RANGE are always the same.

When RANGE is specified, only one key can be specified in order_by_clause.

If a window is specified with RANGE, an analytic function always returns the same rows if the result of order_by_clause is the same. The example in “4.2.143. SUM” shows this behavior.

BETWEEN ... AND

Indicates the start point and the end point of a window. The start point is the row specified before AND, and the end point is the row specified after AND.

If only one point is specified without specifying BETWEEN ... AND, that point becomes the start point and the current row becomes the end point.

The following table shows whether each analytic function provided by Tibero uses window_clause.

Analytic Function	Uses window_clause
AVG	Yes
CORR	Yes
COUNT	Yes
COVAR_POP	Yes
COVAR_SAMP	Yes
DENSE_RANK	No
FIRST	No
FIRST_VALUE	Yes
LAG	No
LAST	No
LAST_VALUE	Yes
LEAD	No
MAX	Yes
MIN	Yes
NTILE	No
PERCENT_RANK	No
PERCENTILE_CONT	No
PERCENTILE_DISC	No
RANK	No
RATIO_TO_REPORT	No
REGR_AVGX REGR_AVGY REGR_COUNT REGR_INTERCEPT REGR_R2 REGR_SLOPE REGR_SXX REGR_SXY REGR_SYY	Yes
ROW_NUMBER	No
STDDEV	Yes
STDDEV_POP	Yes
STDDEV_SAMP	Yes
SUM	Yes
VARIANCE	Yes
VAR_POP	Yes
VAR_SAMP	Yes

window_value

A detailed description of window_value follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
UNBOUNDED PRECEDING	Specifies the first row of a partition as the start point. The first row cannot be used as the end point.
UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING	Specifies the last row of a partition as the end point. The last row cannot be used as the start point.
CURRENT ROW	The current row can be used as the start or end point. If ROW or RANGE is specified, the current row or the calculated row from the current row is specified. If the current row is specified as the start point, "expr PRECEDING" cannot be used as the end point, and if it is specified as the end point, "expr FOLLOWING" cannot be used as the start point.
expr PRECEDING	If "expr PRECEDING" is specified at the end point, the start point should always be "expr PRECEDING".
expr FOLLOWING	If "expr FOLLOWING" is specified at the start point, the end point should always be "expr FOLLOWING".

expr differs according to its window type as follows:

When the window type is ROW,
- expr specifies a physical offset. This is a positive number or an expression whose result is a positive number.
- The row of the start point must be located before the row of the end point.
When a window type is RANGE,
- expr specifies a logical offset. This is an interval literal or an expression whose result is a non-negative number. For information about an interval literal, refer to “2.3. Literals”.
- Numeric values can be used for expr only when the expr in order_by_clause is a NUMBER or DATE.
- Interval values can be used for expr only when the expr in order_by_clause is a DATE.

4.2. Function List

The following describes the built-in functions provided by Tibero.

4.2.1. ABS

ABS returns the absolute value of num.

A detailed description of the ABS function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
num An expression that returns either a numeric type or a compatible type.

Component	Description
num	An expression that returns either a numeric type or a compatible type.

Example

The following example shows how to use the ABS function.

SQL> SELECT ABS(15.5), ABS(-25.5) FROM DUAL;

 ABS(15.5) ABS(-25.5)
---------- ----------
      15.5       25.5

1 row selected.

4.2.2. ACOS

ACOS returns the arc cosine of num. This function returns a NUMBER with a value between 0 and pi, in radians.

A detailed description of the ACOS function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
num	Should be between -1 and 1. Should be a NUMBER or a type that can be converted to the NUMBER type. The return value is a radian between 0 and pi. If the type of num is BINARY FLOAT, it returns BINARY DOUBLE type. Otherwise, it returns the same type as num.

Example

The following example shows how to use the ACOS function.

SQL> SELECT ACOS(.4) FROM DUAL;

  ACOS(.4)
----------
1.15927948

1 row selected.

4.2.3. ADD_MONTHS

ADD_MONTHS returns date plus integer months.

A detailed description of the ADD_MONTHS function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
date An expression that returns a DATE.
integer A type that can hold integers.

Component	Description
date	An expression that returns a DATE.
integer	A type that can hold integers.

Example

The following example shows how to use the ADD_MONTHS function.

SQL> SELECT ADD_MONTHS (DATE'2006-01-01', 1) FROM DUAL;

ADD_MONTHS(DATE'2006-01-01',1)  
--------------------------------
2006/02/01

1 row selected.

4.2.4. AGGR_CONCAT

AGGR_CONCAT concatenates strings from every row with separator between them and returns a single string. Rows that return NULL are excluded from the result.

A detailed description of the AGGR_CONCAT function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
set_quantifier	Specifies whether to allow duplicate rows in the result. One of the following can be specified: DISTINCT, UNIQUE: Removes duplicate rows. ALL: Includes all rows. This is the default value.
expr	An expression that returns a string or a compatible type.
separator	A character literal that will be concatenated to expr.
order_by_clause	Specifies how to sort strings that will be concatenated. For detailed information, see order_by_clause in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.
query_partition_clause	Specifies how to group query results.

Example

The following example shows how to use the AGGR_CONCAT function.

SQL> SELECT AGGR_CONCAT(NAME, ',') AS "EMPLOYEE" FROM EMP
     GROUP BY DEPT_ID;
 
EMPLOYEE
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Johnny Depp,Brad Pitt,Bruce Willis
Will Smith,Nicolas Cage
Jason Statham
Angelina Jolie
 
4 rows selected.

4.2.5. APPENDCHILDXML

APPENDCHILDXML appends a user-input xml value to a node specified with an XPath expression xpath_string. The node is inserted after existing nodes.

A detailed description of the APPENDCHILDXML function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
xmltype_instance	An expression that returns an XMLType instance.
xpath_string	An XPath expression that specifies the location where one or more child nodes are inserted.
value_expr	Specifies one or more XMLType child nodes to be inserted. This must be a value that can be converted to a string.
namespace_string	Provides namespace information for xpath_string. It must be a VARCHAR.

Example

The following example shows how to use the APPENDCHILDXML function.

... INFO column '<dept><id>1</id><id>2</id></dept>' ...
SQL> UPDATE EMP SET INFO = APPENDCHILDXML(INFO, '/dept', XMLTYPE('<id>3</id>'));

SQL> SELECT INFO FROM EMP;

EMP
-------------------------------------------
<dept><id>1</id><id>2</id><id>3</id></dept>

4.2.6. ASCII

ASCII returns the decimal value in the database character set for the first character of char. If the current database's character set is 7-bit ASCII or EBCDIC, this function returns an ASCII value or an EBCDIC value, respectively.

A detailed description of the ASCII function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
char	Can be a CHAR, VARCHAR, NCHAR, or NVARCHAR. Cannot be a CLOB. However, this function can be called with a CLOB by using a type conversion function.

Example

The following example shows how to use the ASCII function.

SQL> SELECT ASCII('ABC') CODE FROM DUAL;

      CODE
----------
        65

1 row selected.

4.2.7. ASCIISTR

ASCIISTR returns an ASCII string using the database character set for str. Non-ASCII characters are converted to the form of "\xxxx", where xxxx is a UTF-16 code.

A detailed description of the ASCIISTR function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
str An expression that returns a string.
Example

The following example shows how to use the ASCII function. The database's character set is 'MSWIN949'.
```
SQL> SELECT ASCIISTR('AÄB') FROM DUAL;

ASCIISTR('AÄB')
------------------
A\00C4B

1 row selected.
```

4.2.8. ASIN

ASIN returns the arcsine of num. This function returns a NUMBER between -pi/2 and pi/2, in radians.

A detailed description of the ASIN function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
num	Should be between -1 and 1. Should be a NUMBER or a compatible type. The return value is a radian between -pi/2 and pi/2. If the type of num is BINARY FLOAT, it returns BINARY DOUBLE type. Otherwise, it returns the same type as num.

Example

The following example shows how to use the ASIN function.

SQL> SELECT ASIN(.4) FROM DUAL;

  ASIN(.4)
----------
.411516846

1 row selected.

4.2.9. ATAN

ATAN returns the arctangent of a num. This function returns a NUMBER between -pi/2 and pi/2, in radians.

A detailed description of the ATAN function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
num1, num2	Any real number. The return value is a radian between -pi/2 and pi/2, and it is a NUMBER or a compatible type. If the type of num is BINARY FLOAT, it returns BINARY DOUBLE type. Otherwise, it returns the same type as num.

Description

num1, num2

Any real number. The return value is a radian between -pi/2 and pi/2, and it is a NUMBER or a compatible type.

If the type of num is BINARY FLOAT, it returns BINARY DOUBLE type. Otherwise, it returns the same type as num.

Example

The following example shows how to use the ATAN function.

SQL> SELECT ATAN(.4) FROM DUAL;

  ATAN(.4)
----------
.380506377

1 row selected.

4.2.10. ATAN2

ATAN2 returns the arctangent of num1 and num2. ATAN2(num1, num2) is the same as ATAN(num1/num2). The return value of this function is a NUMBER between -pi/2 and pi/2, in radians.

A detailed description of the ATAN2 function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
n, m	Any real number. The return value is a radian between -pi/2 and pi/2, and it is a NUMBER or a compatible type. If the type of num1 or num2 is BINARY FLOAT or BINARY DOUBLE, a BINARY DOUBLE type is returned. Otherwise, a NUMBER type is returned.

Example

The following example shows how to use the ATAN2 function.

SQL> SELECT ATAN2(.3, .4) ATAN2 FROM DUAL;

     ATAN2
----------
.643501109

1 row selected.

4.2.11. AVG

AVG returns the average value of expr for all rows in a group. This function can be used as an analytic function.

A detailed description of the AVG function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
analytic_clause	This function can be used as an analytic function using "OVER analytic_clause". For detailed information, see analytic_clause in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.
expr	An expression. See “3.3. Expressions”.
ALL	If this keyword is specified in front of expr, duplicate values of expr are not removed and the average value of all values is calculated. This is the default keyword.
DISTINCT	If this keyword is specified in front of expr, duplicate values of expr are removed and then the average value is calculated. When specifying DISTINCT, only the query_partion_clause of the analytic_clause can be specified. The order_by_clause cannot be specified, so the window_clause also cannot be specified.
UNIQUE	The same as DISTINCT.

Example

The following example shows how to use the AVG function.

SQL> SELECT AVG(SALARY) AVG FROM EMP GROUP BY DEPTNO;

       AVG
----------
      3255

1 row selected.

Example (Analytic Function)

The following example shows how to use the AVG function as an analytic function.

SQL> SELECT ID, HIREDATE, SALARY, AVG(SALARY) OVER 
       (ORDER BY HIREDATE ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING) 
       AS AAVG 
     FROM EMP;

        ID HIREDATE       SALARY       AAVG
---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
         1 1987/01/06      20000      17500
         5 1991/05/16      15000 14333.3333
         4 1999/11/25       8000 9333.33333
         2 2001/06/07       5000 6333.33333
         8 2003/03/26       6000 6666.66667
         6 2003/08/15       9000 6333.33333
         7 2004/02/08       4000 6666.66667
         3 2005/09/23       7000       5500

8 rows selected.

4.2.12. BITAND

BITAND returns the bitwise AND of expr1 and expr2.

A detailed description of the BITAND function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
expr1, expr2 Expressions that return integers.

Component	Description
expr1, expr2	Expressions that return integers.

Example

The following example shows how to use the BITAND function.

SQL> SELECT BITAND(3, 1), BITAND(4, 1) FROM DUAL;

BITAND(3,1) BITAND(4,1)
----------- -----------
          1           0

1 row selected.

4.2.13. CAST

CAST converts a value from one data type to another data type.

A detailed description of the CAST function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Syntax
expr An expression that returns a specific data type.
typename The name of the data type to which expr should be converted.

Component	Syntax
expr	An expression that returns a specific data type.
typename	The name of the data type to which expr should be converted.

Example

The following example shows how to use the CAST function.

SQL> SELECT CAST('1974-06-23' AS TIMESTAMP) TS FROM DUAL;

TS
--------------------------
1974/06/23 00:00:00.000000

1 row selected.

4.2.14. CEIL

CEIL returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to num.

A detailed description of the CEIL function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
num An expression that returns a real number. num is a NUMBER or a compatible type. The return value is the same type as num.

Component	Description
num	An expression that returns a real number. num is a NUMBER or a compatible type. The return value is the same type as num.

Example

The following example shows how to use the CEIL function.

SQL> SELECT CEIL(15.5), CEIL(-15.5), CEIL(25.0) FROM DUAL;

CEIL(15.5) CEIL(-15.5) CEIL(25.0)
---------- ----------- ----------
        16         -15         25

1 row selected.

4.2.15. CHARTOROWID

CHARTOROWID converts a CHAR, VARCHAR, NCHAR, or NVARCHAR to a ROWID.

A detailed description of the CHARTOROWID function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
str A value to be converted to the ROWID type.

Component	Description
str	A value to be converted to the ROWID type.

Example

The following example shows how to use the CHARTOROWID function.

SQL> SELECT DEPT_ID FROM EMP WHERE ROWID = CHARTOROWID('AAAAUcAAAAAAAxPAAA');

DEPT_ID
------- 
      5

1 row selected.

4.2.16. CHR

CHR returns the character that corresponds to num.

A detailed description of the CHR function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
num An expression that returns an integer.

Component	Description
num	An expression that returns an integer.

Example

The following example shows how to use the CHR function.

SQL> SELECT CHR(68) || CHR(66) RSLT FROM DUAL;

RSLT
----
DB

1 row selected.

4.2.17. COALESCE

COALESCE returns the first non-NULL expr. If every occurrence of expr is NULL, NULL is returned.

A detailed description of the COALESCE function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
expr All occurrences of expr should be of the same type or a compatible type.

Component	Description
expr	All occurrences of expr should be of the same type or a compatible type.

Example

The following example shows how to use the COALESCE function.

SQL> SELECT COALESCE(NULL, 'A', 'B') FROM DUAL;

COALESCE(NULL, 'A', 'B')
------------------------
A

1 row selected.

4.2.18. COMPOSE

COMPOSE converts str to a UNICODE string in Normalization Form C (NFC).

A detailed description of the COMPOSE function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
str An expression that returns a string.

Example

The following example shows how to use the COMPOSE function.

SQL> SELECT COMPOSE('o' || UNISTR('\0308')) FROM DUAL;

COMPOSE('O'||UNISTR('\0308'))
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


1 row selected.

4.2.19. CONCAT

CONCAT returns str1 concatenated with str2. The result is the same as using the concatenation operation (||). If one of the arguments is NULL, the result is not NULL.

A detailed description of the CONCAT function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
str1, str2 Expressions that return a string.

Component	Description
str1, str2	Expressions that return a string.

Example

The following example shows how to use the CONCAT function.

SQL> SELECT CONCAT('ABC', 'DEF') FROM DUAL;

CONCAT('ABC', 'DEF')
--------------------
ABCDEF

1 row selected.

4.2.20. CONVERT

CONVERT converts str to a string of another character set. If there is no corresponding character, "?" is returned.

A detailed description of the CONVERT function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

str

An expression that returns a string.

dest_char_set

Specifies the character set name to which str is converted.

The database character set name can be used.
Character sets besides ISO2022-KR and US8ICL can be used.

source_char_set

Specifies the character set name for str. The default value is the character set name of the database.

- The default value is the character set name of the database.

Example

The following example shows how to use the CONVERT function.

SQL> SELECT CONVERT('AÄÄB', 'US7ASCII', 'MSWIN949') FROM DUAL;

CONVERT('AÄÄB','US7ASCII','MSWIN949')
---------------------------------------
A??B

1 row selected.

4.2.21. CORR

CORR computes the coefficient of correlation of expr1 and expr2. This function can be used as an analytic function.

This function takes arguments of any numeric or compatible type. If the argument is a numeric type, this function returns a value that is the same type as the argument. Otherwise, it returns the type the argument was converted to.

In Tibero, the coefficient of correlation is computed with the following formula:

COVAR_POP(expr1, expr2) / (STDDEV_POP(expr1) * STDDEV_POP(expr2))

A detailed description of the CORR function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
expr1, expr2	Expressions that return a numeric value.
OVER analytic_clause	This function can be used as an analytic function using "OVER analytic_clause". For detailed information, see analytic_clause in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.

Description

expr1, expr2

Expressions that return a numeric value.

OVER analytic_clause

This function can be used as an analytic function using "OVER analytic_clause".

For detailed information, see analytic_clause in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.

Example

The following example shows how to use the CORR function.

SQL> SELECT CORR(AGE, SAL) FROM EMP;

CORR(AGE,SAL)
-------------
-.21144410174

1 row selected.

Example (Analytic Function)

The following example shows how to use the CORR function as an analytic function.

SQL> SELECT DEPTNO, EMPNO, CORR(SAL, AGE) 
       OVER (PARTITION BY DEPTNO) AS CORR
     FROM EMP;

    DEPTNO      EMPNO       CORR
---------- ---------- ----------
        10       7934 -.93645032
        10       7839 -.93645032
        10       7782 -.93645032
        20       7566 .567780056
        20       7788 .567780056
        20       7876 .567780056
        20       7902 .567780056
        20       7369 .567780056
        30       7654 -.33417865
        30       7698 -.33417865
        30       7521 -.33417865
        30       7499 -.33417865
        30       7844 -.33417865
        30       7900 -.33417865

14 rows selected.

4.2.22. COS

COS returns the cosine of num.

A detailed description of the COS function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
num	An expression that returns a real number, in radians. Should be a NUMBER or a compatible type. If the type of num is BINARY FLOAT, it returns BINARY DOUBLE type. Otherwise, it returns the same type as num.

Example

The following example shows how to use the COS function.

SQL> SELECT COS(360 * 3.14159265359/180) FROM DUAL;

COS(360 * 3.14159265359/180)
----------------------------
                          1

1 row selected.

4.2.23. COSH

COSH returns the hyperbolic cosine of num.

A detailed description of the COSH function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
num	An expression that returns a real number, in radians. Should be a NUMBER or a compatible type. If the type of num is BINARY FLOAT, it returns BINARY DOUBLE type. Otherwise, it returns the same type as num.

Example

The following example shows how to use the COSH function.

SQL> SELECT COSH(0) FROM DUAL;

   COSH(0)
----------
         1

1 row selected.

4.2.24. COUNT

COUNT returns the number of rows returned by a query. It always returns a number and never returns NULL. This function can be used as an analytic function.

A detailed description of the COUNT function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
set_quantifier	Specifies whether duplicate rows are counted. One of the following can be set: DISTINCT, UNIQUE: Remove duplicate rows. ALL: includes all rows. This is the default value.
*	If an asterisk (*) is specified, all rows including duplicates and NULLs are counted.
expr	If expr is specified, this function counts rows where expr evaluates to not NULL. Specifying DISTINCT makes this function count only non-duplicate rows returned as the result of expr.
analytic_clause	This function can be used as an analytic function using "OVER analytic_clause". For detailed information, see analytic_clause in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.

Example

The following example shows how to use the COUNT function.

SQL> SELECT COUNT (*) FROM EMP;

  COUNT(*)
----------
         9

1 row selected.

Example (Analytic Function)

The following example shows how to use the COUNT function as an analytic function.

SQL> SELECT NAME, SALARY, COUNT(*) OVER (ORDER BY SALARY RANGE 
       BETWEEN 1000 PRECEDING AND 1000 FOLLOWING) AS W_COUNT
     FROM EMP;

NAME                     SALARY    W_COUNT
-------------------- ---------- ----------
Paul                       2000          4
Tom                        2500          5
Jill                       3000          6
Susan                      3000          6
Matt                       3200          5
Coon                       4000          5
Josh                       4500          2
Cathy                      6000          2
Brad                       6200          2

9 rows selected.

4.2.25. COVAR_POP

COVAR_POP computes the population covariance of expr1 and expr2. This function can be used as an analytic function.

This function takes arguments of any numeric type or a compatible type, and returns a NUMBER.

In Tibero, the population covariance is computed with the following formula:

(SUM(expr1 * expr2) - SUM(expr2) * SUM(expr1) / n) / n

In the above formula, n is the number of rows where both expr1 and expr2 are non-NULL.

A detailed description of the COVAR_POP function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
expr1, expr2	Expressions that return a numeric value.
OVER analytic_clause	This function can be used as an analytic function using "OVER analytic_clause". For detailed information, see analytic_clause in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.

Description

expr1, expr2

Expressions that return a numeric value.

OVER analytic_clause

This function can be used as an analytic function using "OVER analytic_clause".

For detailed information, see analytic_clause in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.

Example

The following example shows how to use the COVAR_POP function.

SQL> SELECT COVAR_POP(AGE, SAL) AS COVAR_POP FROM EMP;

 COVAR_POP
----------
-642.09184

1 row selected.

Example (Analytic Function)

The following example shows how to use the COVAR_POP function as an analytic function.

SQL> SELECT DEPTNO, EMPNO, COVAR_POP(AGE, SAL)
       OVER (PARTITION BY DEPTNO) AS COVAR_POP
     FROM EMP;

    DEPTNO      EMPNO  COVAR_POP
---------- ---------- ----------
        10       7934 -4777.7778
        10       7839 -4777.7778
        10       7782 -4777.7778
        20       7566       1470
        20       7788       1470
        20       7876       1470
        20       7902       1470
        20       7369       1470
        30       7654 -480.55556
        30       7698 -480.55556
        30       7521 -480.55556
        30       7499 -480.55556
        30       7844 -480.55556
        30       7900 -480.55556

14 rows selected.

4.2.26. COVAR_SAMP

COVAR_SAMP computes the sample covariance of expr1 and expr2. This function can be used as an analytic function.

This function takes arguments of any numeric type or a compatible type, and returns a NUMBER.

In Tibero, the sample covariance is computed with the following formula:

(SUM(expr1 * expr2) - SUM(expr1) * SUM(expr2) / n) / (n-1)

In the above formula, n is the number of rows where both expr1 and expr2 are non-NULL.

A detailed description of the COVAR_SAMP function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
expr1, expr2	Expressions that return a numeric value.
OVER analytic_clause	This function can be used as an analytic function using "OVER analytic_clause". For detailed information, see analytic_clause in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.

Description

expr1, expr2

Expressions that return a numeric value.

OVER analytic_clause

This function can be used as an analytic function using "OVER analytic_clause".

For detailed information, see analytic_clause in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.

Example

The following example shows how to use the COVAR_SAMP function.

SQL> SELECT COVAR_SAMP(AGE, SAL) AS COVAR_SAMP FROM EMP;

COVAR_SAMP
----------
-691.48352

1 row selected.

Example (Analytic Function)

The following example shows how to use the COVAR_SAMP function as an analytic function.

SQL> SELECT DEPTNO, EMPNO, COVAR_SAMP(AGE, SAL)
       OVER (PARTITION BY DEPTNO) AS COVAR_SAMP
     FROM EMP;

    DEPTNO      EMPNO COVAR_SAMP
---------- ---------- ----------
        10       7934 -7166.6667
        10       7839 -7166.6667
        10       7782 -7166.6667
        20       7566     1837.5
        20       7788     1837.5
        20       7876     1837.5
        20       7902     1837.5
        20       7369     1837.5
        30       7654 -576.66667
        30       7698 -576.66667
        30       7521 -576.66667
        30       7499 -576.66667
        30       7844 -576.66667
        30       7900 -576.66667

14 rows selected.

4.2.27. CUME_DIST

CUME_DIST computes the cumulative distribution of a value in a group of values. The return value is a NUMBER greater than 0 and less than or equal to 1.

The cumulative distribution is calculated in the following way. The rows in a group are sorted based on order_by_clause. Then, the position where the row corresponding to the given argument belongs is calculated. Finally, that position is divided by the number of rows.

A detailed description of the CUME_DIST function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
expr	Should be a constant value in a group and correspond to an expression in order_by_clause.
order_by_clause	Specifies how to sort rows in a single partition. For detailed information, see order_by_clause in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.

Description

expr

Should be a constant value in a group and correspond to an expression in order_by_clause.

order_by_clause

Specifies how to sort rows in a single partition.

For detailed information, see order_by_clause in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.

Example

The following example shows how to use the CUME_DIST function.

SQL> SELECT CUME_DIST(1000, '1981/01/01') WITHIN GROUP
       (ORDER BY SAL, HIREDATE) AS "CUME_DIST"
     FROM EMP;

 CUME_DIST
----------
        .2

1 row selected.

4.2.28. CURRENT_DATE

CURRENT_DATE returns the current date based on the current session's time zone and the Gregorian calendar.

A detailed description of the CURRENT_DATE function is as follows:

Syntax

Example

The following example shows how to use the CURRENT_DATE function.

SQL> SELECT CURRENT_DATE FROM DUAL;

CURRENT_DATE  
-----------------------------------------------------
2005/12/04

1 row selected.

4.2.29. CURRENT_TIME

CURRENT_TIME returns the current time based on the current session's time zone.

A detailed description of the CURRENT_TIME function is as follows:

Syntax

Example

The following example shows how to use the CURRENT_TIME function.

SQL> SELECT CURRENT_TIME FROM DUAL;

CURRENT_TIME
--------------------------------
20:23:18.383578

1 row selected.

4.2.30. CURRENT_TIMESTAMP

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP returns the current date and time based on the current session's time zone. The return value is a TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE.

A detailed description of the CURRENT_TIMESTAMP function is as follows:

Syntax

Example

The following example shows how to use the CURRENT_TIMESTAMP function.

SQL> SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP FROM DUAL;

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
---------------------------------------------
2005/12/04 20:22:26.391220 Asia/Seoul

1 row selected.

4.2.31. DBTIMEZONE

DBTIMEZONE returns information about the database time zone in the form of an offset ([+|-]TZH:TZM) or a time zone region name (TZR). In Tibero, UTC is always returned.

A detailed description of the DBTIMEZONE function is as follows:

Syntax

Example

The following example shows how to use the DBTIMEZONE function.

SQL> SELECT DBTIMEZONE FROM DUAL;


DBTIMEZONE
-------------------------------------
UTC

1 row selected.

4.2.32. DECODE

DECODE compares expr to each value of search. If expr is the same as search, this function returns result. This function takes arguments of both numeric and character data types. There can be up to 255 arguments among expr, search, result, and default.

A detailed description of the DECODE function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
expr	Should be the same data type or a compatible type as search.
search	Compared with expr. search should be the same data type as the first search argument or a compatible type.
result	Return value when matched with search. All result arguments should either be the same type as the first result argument or a compatible type.
default	If expr does not match any value of search, default will be returned. If default is not specified, NULL will be returned. default should be the same data type as the first result argument or a compatible type.

Example

The following example shows how to use the DECODE function.

SQL> SELECT DECODE('1', 1, 'Male', 2, 'Female') FROM DUAL;

DECODE('1',1,'MALE',2,'FEMALE')
-------------------------------
Male

1 row selected.

4.2.33. DECOMPOSE

DECOMPOSE decomposes a Unicode string str and returns the decomposed string.

A detailed description of the DECOMPOSE function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
str	An expression that returns a string.
CANONICAL	If CANONICAL is specified, this function performs canonical decomposition, which allows recomposition of the original string.
COMPATIBILITY	If COMPATIBILITY is specified, this function performs decomposition in compatibility mode. In this mode, recomposition is not possible.

Example

The following example shows how to use the DECOMPOSE function.

SQL> SELECT DECOMPOSE('Chteaux') FROM DUAL;

DECOMPOSE('Chteaux')
-------------------------------------------------------------
Cha^teaux

1 row selected.

4.2.34. DELETEXML

DELETEXML removes one or more nodes specified with an XPath expression from XML.

A detailed description of the DELETEXML function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
xmltype_instance	An XMLType instance.
xpath_string	Specifies the location of an XML element to be deleted with the XPath expression.
namespace_string	Provides namespace information for xpath_string. This must be a VARCHAR.

Example

The following example shows how to use the DELETEXML function.

SQL> UPDATE warehouses SET warehouse_spec =
   DELETEXML(warehouse_spec, '/Warehouse/Building/Owner')
   WHERE warehouse_id = 2;

SQL> SELECT warehouse_id, warehouse_spec FROM warehouses 
   WHERE warehouse_id in (2,3);

        ID WAREHOUSE_SPEC
---------- -----------------------------------
         2 
           <Warehouse>
             <Building>Rented</Building>
             <Area>50000</Area>
             <Docks>1</Docks>
             <DockType>Side load</DockType>
             <WaterAccess>Y</WaterAccess>
             <RailAccess>N</RailAccess>
             <Parking>Lot</Parking>
             <VClearance>12 ft</VClearance>
           </Warehouse>
 
         3
           <Warehouse>
             <Building>Rented
               <Owner>Grandco</Owner>
               <Owner>ThirdOwner</Owner>
               <Owner>LesserCo</Owner>
             </Building>
             <Area>85700</Area>
             <DockType/>
             <WaterAccess>N</WaterAccess>
             <RailAccess>N</RailAccess>
             <Parking>Street</Parking>
             <VClearance>11.5 ft</VClearance>
           </Warehouse>

4.2.35. DENSE_RANK

DENSE_RANK sorts grouped rows and returns the rank of each row in a group. This function can be used as an analytic function.

The returned ranks have the following characteristics:

The data type is a NUMBER.
The ranks are consecutive integers starting from 1.
The maximum rank is the number of unique values in the group of rows.
When there is a duplicate value, the next rank value is equal to the previous value plus one.
Rows with duplicate values have the same rank.

Depending on how this function is used, the calculation method is different:

Function	Description
Aggregate Function	Computes ranks of virtual rows that match the given arguments. Arguments should have a constant value for each group and correspond with an expression in order_by_clause.
Analytic Function	Returns the rank of each row in a group. Each row's rank depends on the sorting method in expr in order_by_clause.

Function

Description

Aggregate Function

Computes ranks of virtual rows that match the given arguments.

Arguments should have a constant value for each group and correspond with an expression in order_by_clause.

Analytic Function

Returns the rank of each row in a group.

Each row's rank depends on the sorting method in expr in order_by_clause.

A detailed description of the DENSE_RANK function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

dense_rank_aggregation

Component

Description

expr

An expression.

order_by_clause

Specifies how to sort rows in a single partition.

For detailed information, see order_by_clause in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.

dense_rank_analytic

Component	Description
partition_by	Partitions the result set of the current query block based on expr. For detailed information, see partition_by in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.
order_by_clause	Specifies how to sort rows in a single partition. For detailed information, see order_by_clause in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.

Component

Description

partition_by

Partitions the result set of the current query block based on expr.

For detailed information, see partition_by in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.

order_by_clause

Specifies how to sort rows in a single partition.

For detailed information, see order_by_clause in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.

Example

The following example shows how to use the DENSE_RANK function.

SQL> SELECT DEPTNO, DENSE_RANK(3000) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY SAL)
       AS DENSE_RANK
     FROM EMP GROUP BY DEPTNO;

    DEPTNO DENSE_RANK
---------- ----------
        10          3
        20          4
        30          6

3 rows selected.

Example (Analytic Function)

The following example shows how to use the DENSE_RANK function as an analytic function.

SQL> SELECT NAME, DEPTID, SALARY, DENSE_RANK() 
       OVER (PARTITION BY DEPTID ORDER BY SALARY) 
     FROM EMP;

NAME                     DEPTID     SALARY DENSE_RANK
-------------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Paul                          1       3000          1
Angela                        1       3000          1
Nick                          1       3200          2
Scott                         1       4000          3
James                         1       4000          3
John                          1       4500          4
Joe                           2       4000          1
Brad                          2       4200          2
Daniel                        2       5000          3
Tom                           2       5000          3
Kathy                         2       5000          3
Bree                          2       6000          4

12 rows selected.

4.2.36. DUMP

DUMP returns the internal representation information for expr. This function returns a VARCHAR2 that contains the length and a byte stream. This function does not support LONG, CLOB, or BLOB.

A detailed description of the DUMP function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
expr	An expression.
fmt	Specifies the format of a byte stream. The default value is 10. The following notations are available: 8: Octal notation 10: Decimal notation (The default value) 16: Hexadecimal notation 17: String expression
offset	Specifies the start offset.
len	Specifies the length of a byte stream to be returned. If expr is NULL, NULL is returned.

Example

The following example shows how to use the DUMP function.

SQL> SELECT DUMP(100) FROM DUAL;

DUMP(100)
----------------
Len=2: 302,201

1 row selected.

4.2.37. EMPTY_BLOB

EMPTY_BLOB returns an empty LOB locator to initialize BLOB columns.

A detailed description of the EMPTY_BLOB function is as follows:

Syntax
Example

The following example shows how to use the EMPTY_BLOB function.
```
SQL> UPDATE EMP SET PHOTO = EMPTY_BLOB();
```

4.2.38. EMPTY_CLOB

EMPTY_CLOB returns an empty LOB locator to initialize CLOB columns.

A detailed description of the EMPTY_CLOB function is as follows:

Syntax
Example

The following example shows how to use the EMPTY_CLOB function.
```
SQL> UPDATE NOVEL SET CONTENTS = EMPTY_CLOB();
```

4.2.39. EXISTSNODE

EXISTSNODE checks whether a node exists at an XPath in an XML document. It returns a NUMBER with a value of 1 if the node exists or 0 if it does not exist.

A detailed description of the EXISTSNODE function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
xml	XML document to be queried. The document is an XMLtype.
xpath_str	An XPath string to query. The maximum length is 4,000 characters.
namespace_str	Optional parameter to specify a namespace for the XML document. This is a VARCHAR.

Description

xml

XML document to be queried. The document is an XMLtype.

xpath_str

An XPath string to query. The maximum length is 4,000 characters.

namespace_str

Optional parameter to specify a namespace for the XML document.

This is a VARCHAR.

Example

The following example shows how to use the EXISTSNODE function.

SQL> SELECT EXTRACT(employee_xmldoc, '/employee/department/dname') dname
     FROM employee_xml
     WHERE EXISTSNODE(employee_xmldoc, '/employee/department/dname') = 1;

dname
---------------------
<dname>DB Lab</dname>

1 row selected.

4.2.40. EXP

EXP computes e (= 2.7182818284…), the base of the natural log, raised to the power of num.

A detailed description of the EXP function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
num	An expression that returns a numeric value. Should be a NUMBER or a compatible type. If the type of num is BINARY FLOAT, it returns BINARY DOUBLE type. Otherwise, it returns the same type as num.

Example

The following example shows how to use the EXP function.

SQL> SELECT EXP(2.0) FROM DUAL;

  EXP(2.0)
----------
 7.3890561

1 row selected.

4.2.41. EXTRACT

EXTRACT extracts a specific value from datetime or interval values. The return value is in the Gregorian calendar. The desired value to extract must be in the source expression.

A detailed description of the EXTRACT function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
YEAR	A data type that holds years.
MONTH	A data type that holds months.
DAY	A data type that holds dates.
HOUR	A data type that holds hours.
MINUTE	A data type that holds minutes.
SECOND	A data type that holds seconds.
TIMEZONE_HOUR	A data type that holds time zone offset hours.
TIMEZONE_MINUTE	A data type that holds time zone offset minutes.
TIMEZONE_REGION	A data type that holds time zone region names.
TIMEZONE_ABBR	A data type that holds abbreviations for time zone daylight saving time.

Example

The following example shows how to use the EXTRACT function.

SQL> SELECT EXTRACT (MONTH FROM DATE'1996-04-01') FROM DUAL;

EXTRACT(MONTHFROMDATE'1996-04-01')
----------------------------------
                                 4

1 row selected.

4.2.42. EXTRACT(XML)

EXTRACT(XML) returns an XML node corresponding to an XPath in an XML document.

A detailed description of the EXTRACT(XML) function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
xml	An XML document to be queried. This is an XMLType.
xpath_str	An XPath string to query. The maximum length is 4,000 characters.
namespace_str	An optional parameter to specify a namespace for the XML document. This is a VARCHAR.

Description

xml

An XML document to be queried. This is an XMLType.

xpath_str

An XPath string to query. The maximum length is 4,000 characters.

namespace_str

An optional parameter to specify a namespace for the XML document.

This is a VARCHAR.

Example

The following example shows how to use the EXTRACT(XML) function.

SQL> SELECT EXTRACT(employee_xmldoc, '/employee/department/dname') dname
     FROM employee_xml;

dname
---------------------
<dname>DB Lab</dname>

1 row selected.

4.2.43. EXTRACTVALUE

EXTRACTVALUE returns a VARCHAR corresponding to an XPath in an XML document.

A detailed description of the EXTRACTVALUE function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
xml	An XML document of the XMLType to be queried.
xpath_str	An XPath string to query. The maximum length is 4,000 characters.
namespace_str	Optional parameter to specify a namespace for the XML document. It is a VARCHAR.

Description

xml

An XML document of the XMLType to be queried.

xpath_str

An XPath string to query. The maximum length is 4,000 characters.

namespace_str

Optional parameter to specify a namespace for the XML document.

It is a VARCHAR.

Example

The following example shows how to use the EXTRACTVALUE function.

SQL> SELECT EXTRACTVALUE(employee_xmldoc, '/employee/department/dname') dname
     FROM employee_xml;

dname
------
DB Lab

1 row selected.

4.2.44. FIRST

FIRST extracts the first row among sorted rows, applies a specified aggregate function to the row, and then returns it. Currently, it cannot be used as an analytic function.

A detailed description of the FIRST function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
aggregate_function The following aggregate functions can be used: AVG, COUNT, MIN, MAX, SUM, STDDEV, and VARIANCE.
expr An expression.

Component	Description
aggregate_function	The following aggregate functions can be used: AVG, COUNT, MIN, MAX, SUM, STDDEV, and VARIANCE.
expr	An expression.

Example

The following example shows how to use the FIRST function.

SQL> SELECT MIN(COMM) KEEP (DENSE_RANK FIRST ORDER BY SAL), 
MAX(COMM) KEEP (DENSE_RANK FIRST ORDER BY SAL)
FROM EMP WHERE JOB = 'SALESMAN';

MIN(COMM)KEEP(DENSE_RANKFIRSTORDERBYSAL) MAX(COMM)KEEP(DENSE_RANKFIRSTORDERBYSAL)
---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------
                                     500                                     1400

1 row selected.

4.2.45. FIRST_VALUE

FIRST_VALUE is an analytic function that returns the first row value among sorted rows. If IGNORE NULLS is specified, this function returns the first row that is not NULL. If every row is NULL, NULL is returned.

A detailed description of the FIRST_VALUE function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
expr An expression.

Example

The following example shows how to use the FIRST_VALUE function.

SELECT DEPTNO, ENAME, SAL, FIRST_VALUE(ENAME) OVER 
(PARTITION BY DEPTNO ORDER BY SAL ASC ROWS UNBOUNDED PRECEDING) AS LOWEST_SAL 
FROM EMP;

    DEPTNO ENAME             SAL LOWEST_SAL
---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
        10 MILLER           1300 MILLER
        10 CLARK            2450 MILLER
        10 KING             5000 MILLER
        20 SMITH             800 SMITH
        20 ADAMS            1100 SMITH
        20 JONES            2975 SMITH
        20 SCOTT            3000 SMITH
        20 FORD             3000 SMITH
        30 JAMES             950 JAMES
        30 WARD             1250 JAMES
        30 MARTIN           1250 JAMES
        30 TURNER           1500 JAMES
        30 ALLEN            1600 JAMES
        30 BLAKE            2850 JAMES

14 rows selected.

4.2.46. FLOOR

FLOOR returns the largest integer less than or equal to num.

A detailed description of the FLOOR function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
num An expression that returns a numeric value.

Example

The following example shows how to use the FLOOR function.

SQL> SELECT FLOOR(15.5), FLOOR(-15.5), FLOOR(25.0) FROM DUAL;

FLOOR(15.5) FLOOR(-15.5) FLOOR(25.0)
----------- ------------ -----------
         15          -16          25

1 row selected.

4.2.47. FROM_TZ

FROM_TZ converts a given TIMESTAMP, timestamp_value, and time zone, timezone_value, to a TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE.

A detailed description of the FROM_TZ function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
timestamp_value An expression that returns a time value.
timezone_value An expression that returns a time zone region name or an offset.

Example

The following example shows how to use the FROM_TZ function.

SQL> SELECT FROM_TZ(TIMESTAMP '2002/01/24 08:48:53', '8:00') FROM DUAL;

FROM_TZ(TIMESTAMP'2002/01/2408:48:53','8:00')
---------------------------------------------
2002/01/24 08:48:53.000000 +08:00

1 row selected.

4.2.48. GETBLOBVAL

GETBLOBVAL returns a given XML type as a BLOB.

A detailed description of the GETBLOBVAL function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
xml
XML type to convert to BLOB.
csid
ID of the characterset used for the conversion.

Example

The following example shows how to use the GETBLOBVAL function.

SQL> SELECT GETBLOBVAL(XMLTYPE('<a>1</a>'), NLS_CHARSET_ID('MSWIN949')) FROM DUAL;

GETBLOBVAL(XMLTYPE('<A>1</A>'),NLS_CHARSET_ID('MSWIN949'))
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3C613E313C2F613E

1 row selected.

4.2.49. GETCLOBVAL

GETCLOBVAL returns a given XML type as a CLOB.

A detailed description of the GETCLOBVAL is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
xml
XML type to convert to CLOB.

Example

The following example shows how to use the GETCLOBVAL function.

SQL> SELECT GETCLOBVAL(XMLTYPE('<a>1</a>')) FROM DUAL;
GETCLOBVAL(XMLTYPE('<A>1</A>'))
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<a>1</a>

1 row selected.

4.2.50. GETROOTELEMENT

GETROOTELEMENT returns the root element of an XML type instance as VARCHAR type.

A detailed description of the GETROOTELEMENT is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
xml
XML type instance.

Example

The following example shows how to use the GETROOTELEMENT function.

SQL> SELECT GETROOTELEMENT(XMLTYPE('<a>1</a>')) FROM DUAL;
GETROOTELEMENT(XMLTYPE('<A>1</A>'))
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
a

1 row selected.

4.2.51. GETSTRINGVAL

GETSTRINGVAL returns an XML type as VARCHAR type.

A detailed description of the GETSTRINGVAL is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
xml
VARCHAR 타입으로 변환하고자 하는 XML 타입 객체이다.

Example

The following example shows how to use the GETSTRINGVAL function.

SQL> SELECT GETSTRINGVAL(XMLTYPE('<a>1</a>')) FROM DUAL;
GETSTRINGVAL(XMLTYPE('<A>1</A>'))
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<a>1</a>

1 row selected.

4.2.52. GREATEST

GREATEST returns the greatest value in expr.

A detailed description of the GREATEST function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
expr	An expression. The return value is the same as the first value of expr. All occurrences of expr should be the same type or a compatible type with the first expr argument. If any expr is NULL, this function returns NULL.

Example

The following example shows how to use the GREATEST function.

SQL> SELECT GREATEST(1, 3, 2) FROM DUAL;

GREATEST(1,3,2)
---------------
              3

1 row selected.

4.2.53. GROUPING

GROUPING distinguishes between superaggregate rows and regular grouped rows. ROLLUP and CUBE create superaggregate rows where the set of all values is represented as NULL. Using the GROUPING function can distinguish a NULL used to represent all values in a superaggregate row from a NULL in a regular row. If the value of an expression is NULL, this function returns 1. Otherwise, it returns 0. The return value is a NUMBER.

A detailed description of the GROUPING function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
expr Must match one of the expressions in a GROUP BY clause.

Example

The following example shows how to use the GROUPING function.

SQL> SELECT 
       DECODE(GROUPING(DNO),1,'ALL',DNO) AS DNO,
       DECODE(GROUPING(JOB),1,'ALL',JOB) AS JOB,
       SUM(PAY) AS PAY
     FROM PERSONNEL
     GROUP BY CUBE(DNO, JOB)
     ORDER BY DNO, JOB;
 
       DNO JOB                         PAY
---------- -------------------- ----------
        10 ANALYST                    5950
        10 MANAGER                    1000
        10 PRESIDENT                  7000
        10 ALL                       13950
        20 CLERK                      4000
        20 MANAGER                    3974
        20 ALL                        7974
        30 MANAGER                    3550
        30 SALESMAN                   4250
        30 ALL                        7800
       ALL ANALYST                    5950
       ALL CLERK                      4000
       ALL MANAGER                    8524
       ALL PRESIDENT                  7000
       ALL SALESMAN                   4250
       ALL ALL                       29724

16 rows selected.

4.2.54. GROUPING_ID

GROUPING_ID returns a number corresponding to the GROUPING bit vector of a row.

Using the GROUPING_ID function is the same as using multiple GROUPING functions and concatenating the functions' results into a bit vector. By using the GROUPING_ID function, a row filtering condition is expressed more simply by avoiding multiple GROUPING functions. Row filtering using GROUPING_ID can be easily processed with a condition such as GROUPING_ID = n.

The GROUPING_ID function can be used only in a SELECT statement that contains a GROUPING function, ROLLUP, or CUBE. If a query uses GROUP BY multiple times, GROUPING functions should be used multiple times to determine the GROUP BY level of a specific row, which generates a complex SQL statement. In this case, the GROUPING_ID function is particularly useful.

A detailed description of the GROUPING_ID function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
expr Must match one of the expressions in a GROUP By clause.

Example

The following example shows how to use the GROUPING_ID function.

SQL> SELECT 
       DECODE(GROUPING(DNO),1,'ALL',DNO) AS DNO,
       DECODE(GROUPING(JOB),1,'ALL',JOB) AS JOB,
       GROUPING(DNO) AS GD,
       GROUPING(JOB) AS GJ,
       GROUPING_ID(DNO, JOB) AS DJ,
       GROUPING_ID(DNO, JOB) AS JD,
       SUM(PAY) AS PAY
     FROM PERSONNEL
     GROUP BY CUBE(DNO, JOB)
     ORDER BY DNO, JOB;

       DNO JOB                    GD   GJ   DJ   JD         PAY
---------- -------------------- ---- ---- ---- ----  ----------
        10 ANALYST                 0    0    0    0        5950
        10 MANAGER                 0    0    0    0        1000
        10 PRESIDENT               0    0    0    0        7000
        10 ALL                     0    1    1    2       13950
        20 CLERK                   0    0    0    0        4000
        20 MANAGER                 0    0    0    0        3974
        20 ALL                     0    1    1    2        7974
        30 MANAGER                 0    0    0    0        3550
        30 SALESMAN                0    0    0    0        4250
        30 ALL                     0    1    1    2        7800
       ALL ANALYST                 1    0    2    1        5950
       ALL CLERK                   1    0    2    1        4000
       ALL MANAGER                 1    0    2    1        8524
       ALL PRESIDENT               1    0    2    1        7000
       ALL SALESMAN                1    0    2    1        4250
       ALL ALL                     1    1    3    3       29724

16 rows selected.

4.2.55. GROUP_ID

GROUP_ID distinguishes duplicate groups in a result of GROUP BY. This function is useful for filtering out duplicate groups from a query result. It returns a NUMBER to identify duplicate row groups. This function can only be used in a SELECT statement that contains a GROUP BY clause.

A detailed description of the GROUP_ID function is as follows:

Syntax

Example

The following example shows how to use the GROUP_ID function.

SQL> SELECT depart_num, group_id()
     FROM employees
     GROUP BY depart_num;

   DEPART_NUM GROUP_ID()
------------- ----------
          10          1
          20          0
          30          0

3 rows selected.

4.2.56. HEXTORAW

HEXTORAW returns a RAW corresponding to a hexadecimal format string, str.

A detailed description of the HEXTORAW function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
str An expression that returns a hexadecimal format string.

Example

The following example creates a table containing a RAW column and inserts a hexadecimal value into the column by using the HEXTORAW function.
```
SQL> SELECT HEXTORAW(UTL_RAW.CAST_TO_RAW('DB')) COL FROM DUAL;

COL
-------------------------
4442

1 row selected.
```

4.2.57. INET_ATON

INET_ATON takes a network address expr and returns a numeric value corresponding to the address. Both 4 and 8 byte addresses are available.

To save a value returned by the INET_ATON function, use UNSIGNED INT. If SIGNED INT is used, the value is not saved correctly if the first octet of the address is greater than 127.

A detailed description of the INET_ATON function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component Description
expr A string that contains a network address.

Example

The following example shows how to use the INET_ATON function.

SQL> SELECT INET_ATON('123.255.0.1') FROM DUAL;
 
INET_ATON('123.255.0.1')
------------------------
              2080309249

1 row selected.

4.2.58. INET_NTOA

INET_NTOA takes a network address expr and returns a string value corresponding to the address.

A detailed description of the INET_NTOA function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
expr A numeric value that contains a network address.

Example

The following example shows how to use the INET_NTOA function.

SQL> SELECT INET_NTOA(2080309249) FROM DUAL;
 
INET_NTOA(2080309249)
--------------------------------------------------------------------
123.255.0.1

1 row selected.

4.2.59. INITCAP

INITCAP returns str with the first letter of each word in uppercase and every other letter in lowercase.

A detailed description of the INITCAP function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
str An expression that returns a string.

Example

The following example shows how to use the INITCAP function.

SQL> SELECT INITCAP('tiBero') FROM DUAL;

INITCAP('TIBERO')
-----------------
Tibero

1 row selected.

4.2.60. INSERTCHILDXML

INSERTCHILDXML inserts a user-input XML value into a child node of the node specified by the XPath expression xpath_string. Compare this function with the INSERTXMLBEFORE function.

A detailed description of the INSERTCHILDXML function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
XMLType_instance	An expression that returns an XMLType instance.
XPath_string	An XPath expression that specifies the location into which one or more child nodes are inserted.
child_expr	An expression that represents the properties or elements of a child node to be inserted.
value_expr	An expression that represents one or more XMLType child nodes to be inserted. This expression must be a value that can be converted to a string.
namespace_string	Provides namespace information for xpath_string. This must be a VARCHAR.

Example

The following example shows how to use the INSERTCHILDXML function.

... INFO column '<dept>research</dept>' ...
SQL> UPDATE EMP SET INFO = 
   INSERTCHILDXML(INFO, '/dept', 'id', XMLTYPE('<id>1</id>'));

SQL> SELECT INFO FROM EMP;

EMP
-------------------------------------------
<dept>research<id>1</id></dept>

4.2.61. INSERTCHILDXMLAFTER

INSERTCHILDXMLAFTER inserts a user-input XML value to a node specified by the XPath expression xpath_string. The node is inserted after any existing child nodes.

A detailed description of the INSERTCHILDXMLAFTER function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
xmltype_instance	An expression that returns an XMLType instance.
xpath_string	An XPath expression that specifies the location into which one or more child nodes are inserted.
child_expr	An expression that represents the properties or elements of a child node to be inserted.
value_expr	An expression that represents one or more XMLType child nodes to be inserted. This expression must be a value that can be converted to a string.
namespace_string	Provides namespace information for xpath_string. This must be a VARCHAR.

Example

The following example shows how to use the INSERTCHILDXMLAFTER function.

... INFO column '<dept><id>1</id></dept>' ...
SQL> UPDATE EMP SET INFO = 
   INSERTCHILDXMLAFTER(INFO, '/dept', 'id[1]', XMLTYPE('<id>2</id>'));

SQL> SELECT INFO FROM EMP;

EMP
-------------------------------------------
<dept><id>1</id><id>2</id></dept>

4.2.62. INSERTCHILDXMLBEFORE

INSERTCHILDXMLBEFORE inserts a user-input XML value to a node specified by the XPath expression xpath_string. The node is inserted before any existing child nodes.

A detailed description of the INSERTCHILDXMLBEFORE function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
xmltype_instance	An expression that returns an XMLType instance.
xpath_string	An XPath expression that specifies the location into which one or more child nodes are inserted.
child_expr	An expression that represents the properties or elements of a child node to be inserted.
value_expr	An expression that represents one or more XMLType child nodes to be inserted. This expression must be a value that can be converted to a string.
namespace_string	Provides namespace information for xpath_string. This must be a VARCHAR.

Example

The following example shows how to use the INSERTCHILDXMLBEFORE function.

... INFO column '<dept><id>1</id></dept>' ...
SQL> UPDATE EMP SET INFO = 
   INSERTCHILDXMLBEFORE(INFO, '/dept', 'id[1]', XMLTYPE('<id>2</id>'));

SQL> SELECT INFO FROM EMP;

EMP
-------------------------------------------
<dept><id>2</id><id>1</id></dept>

4.2.63. INSERTXMLAFTER

INSERTXMLAFTER inserts a user-input XML value to a node specified by the XPath expression xpath_string. The node is inserted after any existing nodes.

A detailed description of the INSERTXMLAFTER function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
xmltype_instance	An expression that returns an XMLType instance.
xpath_string	An XPath expression that specifies the location into which one or more child nodes are inserted.
value_expr	An expression that represents one or more XMLType child nodes to be inserted. This expression must be a value that can be converted to a string.
namespace_string	Provides namespace information for xpath_string. This must be a VARCHAR.

Example

The following example shows how to use the INSERTXMLAFTER function.

... INFO column '<dept>research</dept>' ...
SQL> UPDATE EMP SET INFO = 
   INSERTXMLAFTER(INFO, '/dept', XMLTYPE('<dept>sales</dept>'));

SQL> SELECT INFO FROM EMP;

EMP
-------------------------------------------
<dept>research</dept>
<dept>sales</dept>

4.2.64. INSERTXMLBEFORE

INSERTXMLBEFORE inserts a user-input XML value to a node specified by the XPath expression xpath_string. The node is inserted before any existing nodes.

A detailed description of the INSERTXMLBEFORE function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
xmltype_instance	An expression that returns an XMLType instance.
xpath_string	An XPath expression that specifies the location into which one or more child nodes are inserted.
value_expr	An expression that represents one or more XMLType child nodes to be inserted. This expression must be a value that can be converted to a string.
namespace_string	Provides namespace information for xpath_string. This must be a VARCHAR.

Example

The following example shows how to use the INSERTXMLBEFORE function.

... INFO column '<dept>research</dept>' ...
SQL> UPDATE EMP SET INFO = 
   INSERTXMLBEFORE(INFO, '/dept', XMLTYPE('<dept>sales</dept>'));

SQL> SELECT INFO FROM EMP;

EMP
-------------------------------------------
<dept>sales</dept>
<dept>research</dept>

4.2.65. INSTR

INSTR searches for substr in str, and returns the position.

Alternatively, INSTRB computes the position in bytes rather than in characters, and returns the position.

A detailed description of the INSTR and INSTRB functions follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

str, substr

Expressions that return a string.

If substr is not found in str, this function returns 0.

The first character in a string has a position of 1.

position

An expression that returns a nonzero integer.

If this is specified, the search begins from the given position in str.

If this is a negative value, the search begins from the end of str.

Defaults to 1.

occurrence

An expression that returns a nonzero integer.

If this is specified, the function will return the position of the nth occurrence of substr in str.

This must be a positive integer. Defaults to 1.

Example

The following example shows how to use the INSTR function.

 SQL> select isfragment(XMLTYPE('<a><b>1</b></a>')) from dual;

ISFRAGMENT(XMLTYPE('<A><B>1</B></A>'))
--------------------------------------
                                     0

1 row selected.

SQL> select isfragment(XMLCONCAT(XMLTYPE('<a>1</a>'), XMLTYPE('<b>2</b>'))) 
from dual;

ISFRAGMENT(XMLCONCAT(XMLTYPE('<A>1</A>'),XMLTYPE('<B>2</B>')))
--------------------------------------------------------------
                                                             1

1 row selected.

4.2.66. ISFRAGMENT

ISFRAGMENT returns 1 if xmltype_instance is a fragment, but it returns 0 if it is a well-formed document.

A detailed description of the ISFRAGMENT function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
xmltype_instance XML document to be queried. This is an XML type.

Example

The following example shows how to use the ISFRAGMENT function.

 SQL> select isfragment(XMLTYPE('<a><b>1</b></a>')) from dual;

ISFRAGMENT(XMLTYPE('<A><B>1</B></A>'))
--------------------------------------
                                     0

1 row selected.

SQL> select isfragment(XMLCONCAT(XMLTYPE('<a>1</a>'), XMLTYPE('<b>2</b>'))) 
from dual;

ISFRAGMENT(XMLCONCAT(XMLTYPE('<A>1</A>'),XMLTYPE('<B>2</B>')))
--------------------------------------------------------------
                                                             1

1 row selected.

4.2.67. KURT

KURT computes the kurtosis of expr. The return value is of a numeric type or a converted numeric data type.

A detailed description of the KURT function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
set_quantifier	Specifies whether to allow duplicate rows of a query result. The value is one of the following: DISTINCT, UNIQUE: Removes duplicate rows. ALL: Includes all rows. This is the default value.
expr	An expression that is of a numeric data type or a compatible type.

Example

The following example shows how to use the KURT function.

SQL> SELECT KURT(SAL) FROM EMP;

 KURT(SAL)
----------
1.31945327

1 row selected.

4.2.68. LAG

LAG is an analytic function that enables access to more than one row of a table at the same time without a self join. This function provides access to a row that is offset rows before the current position.

A detailed description of the LAG function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
expr	Cannot contain a nested analytic function.
offset	The number of rows before the current row to access. Defaults to 1.
default	If offset is beyond the scope of the window, default is returned. If default is not set, NULL is returned.
partition_by	Partitions the result set of the current query block based on expr. For detailed information, see partition_by in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.
order_by_clause	Specifies how to sort rows in a single divided partition. For detailed information, see order_by_clause in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.

Example

The following example shows how to use the LAG function.

SQL> SELECT NAME, DEPTID, SALARY, LAG (SALARY, 2, 0)
       OVER (PARTITION BY DEPTID ORDER BY SALARY) PSAL
     FROM EMP;

NAME                     DEPTID     SALARY       PSAL
-------------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Paul                          1       3000          0
Angela                        1       3000          0
Nick                          1       3200       3000
Scott                         1       4000       3000
James                         1       4000       3200
John                          1       4500       4000
Joe                           2       4000          0
Brad                          2       4200          0
Daniel                        2       5000       4000
Tom                           2       5000       4200
Kathy                         2       5000       5000
Bree                          2       6000       5000

12 rows selected.

4.2.69. LAST_DAY

LAST_DAY returns the date of the last day of the month which contains date.

A detailed description of the LAST_DAY function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
date An expression that returns a date.

Example

The following example shows how to use the LAST_DAY function.

SQL> SELECT LAST_DAY('2005/06/22') FROM DUAL;

LAST_DAY('2005/06/22')                                           
-----------------------------------------------------------------
2005-06-30

1 row selected.

4.2.70. LAST

LAST extracts the last row among sorted rows, applies a specified aggregate function to the row, and then returns it. Currently, it cannot be used as an analytic function.

A detailed description of the LAST function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
aggregate_function The following aggregate functions can be used: AVG, COUNT, MIN, MAX, SUM, STDDEV, and VARIANCE.
expr An expression.

Example

The following example shows how to use the LAST function.

SQL> SELECT DEPTNO, MIN(HIREDATE) KEEP (DENSE_RANK LAST ORDER BY SAL) 
MIN_HIREDATE, MAX(HIREDATE) KEEP (DENSE_RANK LAST ORDER BY SAL) MAX_HIREDATE
FROM EMP GROUP BY DEPTNO;

    DEPTNO MIN_HIREDATE                     MAX_HIREDATE
---------- -------------------------------- --------------------------------
        10 1981/11/17                       1981/11/17
        20 1981/12/03                       1987/04/19
        30 1981/05/01                       1981/05/01

3 rows selected.

4.2.71. LAST_VALUE

LAST_VALUE returns the last row value among sorted rows as an analytic function. If IGNORE NULLS is specified, this function returns the last row that is not NULL. If every row is NULL, NULL is returned.

A detailed description of the LAST_VALUE function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
expr An expression.

Example

The following example shows how to use the LAST_VALUE function.

SELECT DEPTNO, ENAME, LAST_VALUE(ENAME) OVER (PARTITION BY DEPTNO ORDER BY 
HIREDATE ASC ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) AS NEW_EMP
FROM EMP;   

    DEPTNO ENAME      NEW_EMP
---------- ---------- ----------
        10 CLARK      MILLER
        10 KING       MILLER
        10 MILLER     MILLER
        20 SMITH      ADAMS
        20 JONES      ADAMS
        20 FORD       ADAMS
        20 SCOTT      ADAMS
        20 ADAMS      ADAMS
        30 ALLEN      JAMES
        30 WARD       JAMES
        30 BLAKE      JAMES
        30 TURNER     JAMES
        30 MARTIN     JAMES
        30 JAMES      JAMES

14 rows selected.

4.2.72. LEAD

LEAD is an analytic function that enables access to more than one row of a table at the same time without a self join. This function provides access to a row that is offset rows after the current position.

A detailed description of the LEAD function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
expr	Cannot contain a nested analytic function.
offset	The number of rows after the current row to access. Defaults to 1.
default	If offset is beyond the scope of the window, default is returned. If default is not set, NULL is returned.
partition_by	Partitions the result set of the current query block based on expr. For detailed information, see partition_by in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.
order_by_clause	Specifies how to sort rows in a single divided partition. For detailed information, see order_by_clause in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.

Example

The following example shows how to use the LEAD function.

SQL> SELECT NAME, DEPTID, SALARY, LEAD (SALARY, 2, 0)
       OVER (PARTITION BY DEPTID ORDER BY SALARY) PSAL
     FROM EMP;

NAME                     DEPTID     SALARY       PSAL
-------------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Paul                          1       3000       3200
Angela                        1       3000       4000
Nick                          1       3200       4000
Scott                         1       4000       4500
James                         1       4000          0
John                          1       4500          0
Joe                           2       4000       5000
Brad                          2       4200       5000
Daniel                        2       5000       5000
Tom                           2       5000       6000
Kathy                         2       5000          0
Bree                          2       6000          0

12 rows selected.

4.2.73. LEAST

LEAST returns the smallest value among expr.

A detailed description of the LEAST function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
expr	An expression. Each expr must be of a compatible type with the first parameter. If any expr value is NULL, NULL is returned.

Example

The following example shows how to use the LEAST function.

SQL> SELECT LEAST(1, 3, 2) FROM DUAL;

LEAST(1,3,2)
------------
           1

1 row selected.

4.2.74. LENGTH

LENGTH returns the length of a given string.

Alternatively, LENGTHB returns the length in bytes rather than in characters.

A detailed description of the LENGTH and LENGTHB functions follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
str An expression that returns a string.

Example

The following example shows how to use the LENGTH function.

SQL> SELECT LENGTH('ABCDEFG') FROM DUAL;

LENGTH('ABCDEFG')
-----------------
                7

1 row selected.

4.2.75. LISTAGG

LISTAGG functions the same as “4.2.4. AGGR_CONCAT”. This was added for Oracle compatibility.

LISTAGG differs from AGGR_CONCAT:

Set_quantifier cannot be used.
Separator can be omitted, and the default value is null.
Order_by_clause is defined after WITHIN GROUP, and it cannot be omitted.

A detailed description of the LISTAGG functions follows:

Syntax

Components

Component

Description

expr

Expression that returns a string or a string-compatible type.

separator

Character literal that is concatenated to expr.

order_by_clause

Sort method for strings that will be concatenated.

For more information, see order_by_clause in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.

Example

The following example shows how to use the LISTAGG function.

SQL> SELECT LISTAGG(ENAME, ',') WITHin GROUP (ORDER BY EMPNO) AS "EMPLOYEE"
   2 FROM EMP 
   3 GROUP BY DEPTNO;

EMPLOYEE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CLARK,KING,MILLER
SMITH,JONES,SCOTT,ADAMS,FORD
ALLEN,WARD,MARTIN,BLAKE,TURNER,JAMES

3 rows selected.

4.2.76. LN

LN computes the natural logarithm of num.

A detailed description of the LN function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
num	An expression that returns a real number greater than 0. Should be a NUMBER or a compatible type. If the type of num is BINARY FLOAT, it returns BINARY DOUBLE type. Otherwise, it returns the same numeric type as that of num.

Example

The following example shows how to use the LN function.

SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(LN(2.7182818284),'99') FROM DUAL;

TO_CHAR(LN(2.7182818284),'99')
------------------------------
  1

1 row selected.

4.2.77. LNNVL

LNNVL returns TRUE if condition is FALSE or UNKNOWN, and returns FALSE if condition is TRUE. In practice, this function is rarely used directly, but may be added by the query optimizer.

A detailed description of the LNNVL function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
condition An expression. For detailed information on conditions, see “3.4. Conditional Expressions”.

Example

The following example shows how to use the LNNVL function.

SQL> SELECT 1 FROM DUAL WHERE LNNVL (1 = 2);

         1
----------
         1

1 row selected.

4.2.78. LOCALTIMESTAMP

LOCALTIMESTAMP returns the current date and time as a TIMESTAMP.

A detailed description of the LOCALTIMESTAMP function is as follows:

Syntax

Example

The following example shows how to use the LOCALTIMESTAMP function.

SQL> SELECT LOCALTIMESTAMP FROM DUAL;

LOCALTIMESTAMP
-------------------------------------
2011/04/14 16:55:23.375613

1 row selected.

4.2.79. LOG

LOG computes the logarithm of num2 to base num1.

A detailed description of the LOG function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

num1, num2

Expressions that return a real number greater than 0. num1 must not be 1.

num1 and num2 are NUMBER or a compatible type.

If num1 or num2 is BINARY_FLOAT or BINARY_DOUBLE, it returns a BINARY_DOUBLE type. Otherwise it returns a NUMBER type.

Example

The following example shows how to use the LOG function.

SQL> SELECT LOG(2, 8) FROM DUAL;

  LOG(2,8)
----------
         3

1 row selected.

4.2.80. LOWER

LOWER returns str with all letters in lowercase.

A detailed description of the LOWER function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
str An expression that returns a string.

Example

The following example shows how to use the LOWER function.

SQL> SELECT LOWER('ABCDEFG123') FROM DUAL;

LOWER('ABCDEFG123')
-------------------
abcdefg123

1 row selected.

4.2.81. LPAD

LPAD pads the left side of expr1 with expr2 resulting in a new string with a maximum length of num.

In most character sets, the number of characters of a string to be returned is the same as the length. However, in the case of multibyte character sets such as Korean, the number of characters and the length can differ from each other.

A detailed description of the LPAD function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

expr1

An expression that returns a string, CLOB, or BLOB.

If expr1 is longer than num, this function returns the first num characters of expr1.

expr2

An expression that returns a string, CLOB, or BLOB.

If expr2 is not specified, blank spaces are used.

num

An expression that returns a numeric value.

The length of the returned string.

Example

The following example shows how to use the LPAD function.

SQL> SELECT LPAD('LPAD', 10, '-=') FROM DUAL;

LPAD('LPAD',10,'-=')
--------------------
-=-=-=LPAD

1 row selected.

4.2.82. LTRIM

LTRIM removes any character included in char_set from the left end of str.

A detailed description of the LTRIM function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
str An expression that returns a string.
char_set
An expression that returns a string.
If not specified, the default value is a blank space.

Example

The following example shows how to use the LTRIM function.

SQL> SELECT LTRIM(' ABCDE') FROM DUAL;

LTRIM('ABCDE')
--------------
ABCDE

1 row selected.

SQL> SELECT LTRIM('XYXABCDEXYX', 'XY') FROM DUAL;

LTRIM('XYXABCDEXYX','XY')
-------------------------
ABCDEXYX

1 row selected.

4.2.83. MAX

MAX returns the maximum value of expr for all rows in a group. This function can be used as an analytic function.

When this function is used as an analytic function, if DISTINCT is specified, only query_partiton_clause can be specified in analytic_clause, and order_by_clause cannot be specified.

A detailed description of the MAX function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

set_quantifier

Specifies whether to allow duplicate rows. One of the following can be set:

DISTINCT, UNIQUE: Remove duplicate rows.
ALL: includes all rows. This is the default value.

expr

An expression.

If DISTINCT is specified before expr, duplicate expr values are removed before calculating a maximum value.

analytic_clause

This function can be used as an analytic function using "OVER analytic_clause".

For detailed information, see analytic_clause in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.

Example

The following example shows how to use the MAX function.

SQL> SELECT DEPTID, MAX(SALARY) FROM EMP2 GROUP BY DEPTID;

    DEPTID MAX(SALARY)
---------- -----------
         1       4500
         2       6000

2 rows selected.

Example (Analytic Function)

The following example shows how to use the MAX function as an analytic function.

SQL> SELECT NAME, DEPTID, SALARY, MAX(SALARY) 
       OVER (PARTITION BY DEPTID) AS MSAL 
     FROM EMP2;

NAME                     DEPTID     SALARY       MSAL
-------------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Paul                          1       3000       4500
Nick                          1       3200       4500
Scott                         1       4000       4500
John                          1       4500       4500
Bree                          2       6000       6000
Daniel                        2       5000       6000
Joe                           2       4000       6000
Brad                          2       4200       6000

8 rows selected.

4.2.84. MEDIAN

MEDIAN returns the median value of a group specified by expr. This function can be used as an analytic function. NULL values are ignored during the calculation.

The calculation method and result are the same as those of the PERCENTILE_CONT function with the argument 0.5.

A detailed description of the MEDIAN function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

expr

An expression that returns a numeric value.

analytic_clause

This function can be used as an analytic function using "OVER analytic_clause".

For detailed information, see analytic_clause in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.

Example

The following example shows how to use the MEDIAN function.

SQL> SELECT DEPTNO, MEDIAN(SAL) FROM EMP AS MEDIAN GROUP BY DEPTNO;

    DEPTNO MEDIAN(SAL)
---------- -----------
        10        2450
        20        2975
        30        1375

3 rows selected.

Example (Analytic Function)

The following example shows how to use the MEDIAN function as an analytic function.

SQL> SELECT DEPTNO, EMPNO, MEDIAN(SAL)
       OVER (PARTITION BY DEPTNO) AS MEDIAN
     FROM EMP;

    DEPTNO      EMPNO     MEDIAN
---------- ---------- ----------
        10       7934       2450
        10       7782       2450
        10       7839       2450
        20       7369       2975
        20       7876       2975
        20       7566       2975
        20       7788       2975
        20       7902       2975
        30       7900       1375
        30       7521       1375
        30       7654       1375
        30       7844       1375
        30       7499       1375
        30       7698       1375

14 rows selected.

4.2.85. MIN

MIN returns the minimum value of expr for all rows in a group. This function can be used as an analytic function.

When this function is used as an analytic function, if DISTINCT is specified, only query_partiton_clause can be specified in analytic_clause, and order_by_clause cannot be specified.

A detailed description of the MIN function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

set_quantifier

Specifies whether to allow duplicate rows. One of the following can be set:

DISTINCT, UNIQUE: Remove duplicate rows.
ALL: includes all rows. This is the default value.

expr

An expression.

If DISTINCT is specified before expr, duplicate expr values are removed before calculating a minimum value.

analytic_clause

This function can be used as an analytic function using "OVER analytic_clause".

For detailed information, see analytic_clause in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.

Example

The following example shows how to use the MIN function.

SQL> SELECT DEPTID, MIN(SALARY) FROM EMP2 GROUP BY DEPTID;

    DEPTID MIN(SALARY)
---------- ----------
         1       3000
         2       4000

2 rows selected.

Example (Analytic Function)

The following example shows how to use the MIN function as an analytic function.

SQL> SELECT NAME, DEPTID, SALARY, MIN(SALARY) 
       OVER (PARTITION BY DEPTID) AS MSAL 
     FROM EMP2;

NAME                     DEPTID     SALARY       MSAL
-------------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Paul                          1       3000       3000
Nick                          1       3200       3000
Scott                         1       4000       3000
John                          1       4500       3000
Bree                          2       6000       4000
Daniel                        2       5000       4000
Joe                           2       4000       4000
Brad                          2       4200       4000

8 rows selected.

4.2.86. MOD

MOD returns the remainder of num1 divided by num2. This function returns a different result than the classic modulus function if one of the two numbers is a negative number.

The MOD function can be defined as follows:

MOD(num1, num2) = SIGN(num1) * MOD1(ABS(num1), ABS(num2))

In the above formula, MOD1 is the classic modulus function. When both num1 and num2 are positive, the function returns the same result as the MOD1 function. The SIGN function returns +1 when num1 is positive or -1 when it is negative. The ABS function returns the absolute values of num1 and num2.

A detailed description of the MOD function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

num1, num2

Expressions that return a numeric value.

Should be a NUMBER or a compatible type.

If the types of num1 and num2 do not match, the type with the higher priority is used for both components. The return value is also set to this type.

Example

The following example shows how to use the MOD function.

SQL> SELECT MOD(13, 5), MOD(13, -5), MOD(-13, 5), MOD(-13, -5) 
     FROM DUAL;

 MOD(13,5) MOD(13,-5) MOD(-13,5) MOD(-13,-5)
---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
         3          3         -3         -3

1 row selected.

4.2.87. MONTHS_BETWEEN

MONTHS_BETWEEN returns the number of months between date1 and date2. The fractional portion of the result is based on a 31-day month.

A detailed description of the MONTHS_BETWEEN function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
date1, date2 Expressions that return a date.

Example

The following example shows how to use the MONTHS_BETWEEN function.

SQL> SELECT MONTHS_BETWEEN(LAST_DAY('2005/06/22'), '2005/06/22') 
     FROM DUAL;

MONTHS_BETWEEN(LAST_DAY('2005/06/22'),'2005/06/22')
---------------------------------------------------
                                   .258064516129032

1 row selected.

4.2.88. NANVL

NANVL returns num1 if num1 is not NaN (Not A Number), but NANVL returns num2 if num1 is NaN.

A detailed description of the NANVL function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

num1, num2

Expression that return a numeric value.

Should be a NUMBER or a compatible type.

If the types of num1 and num2 do not match, the type with the higher priority is used for both components. The return value is also set to this type.

Example

The following example shows how to use the NANVL function.

SQL> SELECT NAME, INC_PCT FROM SALARY;

NAME                    INC_PCT
-------------------- ----------
Smith                 1.34E+001
Jane                        NaN

2 rows selected.

SQL> SELECT NAME, NANVL(INC_PCT, 0) INC_PCT FROM SALARY;

NAME                    INC_PCT
-------------------- ----------
Smith                 1.34E+001
Jane                          0

2 rows selected.

4.2.89. NEW_TIME

NEW_TIME returns a date and time in timezone2 converted from a date and time in timezone1.

A detailed description of the NEW_TIME function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

date

An expression that return a date

timezone1, timezone2

Expressions that return a time zone value. The following timezones can be used:

AST, ADT: Atlantic Standard or Daylight Time
BST, BDT: Bering Standard or Daylight Time
CST, CDT: Central Standard or Daylight Time
EST, EDT: Eastern Standard or Daylight Time
GMT: Greenwich Mean Time
HST, HDT: Alaska-Hawaii Standard or Daylight Time
MST, MDT: Mountain Standard or Daylight Time
NST: Newfoundland Standard Time
PST, PDT: Pacific Standard or Daylight Time
YST, YDT: Yukon Standard or Daylight Time

Example

The following example shows how to use the NEW_TIME function.

SQL> SELECT NEW_TIME(TO_DATE('1982/12/13 15:28:00', 
     'YYYY/MM/DD HH24:MI:SS'), 'EST', 'YST') NEW_TIME FROM DUAL;

NEW_TIME 
--------------------------------
1982/12/13 11:28:00

1 row selected.

4.2.90. NEXT_DAY

NEXT_DAY returns the date of the next day of the week specified by str that occurs after date.

A detailed description of the NEXT_DAY function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
date An expression that returns a date.
str A string that indicates a day of the week.

Example

The following example shows how to use the NEXT_DAY function.

SQL> SELECT NEXT_DAY('2005/06/22', 'MONDAY') FROM DUAL;

NEXT_DAY('2005/06/22','MONDAY') 
--------------------------------
2005/06/27

1 row selected.

4.2.91. NLSSORT

NLSSORT returns a string of bytes that can be used to sort str.

A detailed description of the NLSSORT function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

str

A string value to be sorted.

This argument can be a CHAR, VARCHAR, NCHAR, and NVARCHAR.

nls_param

Defines a character set used to sort str.

This argument can be a CHAR, VARCHAR, NCHAR, and NVARCHAR.

It can be defined in the form of 'NLS_SORT=sort'. If it is not specified, a value defined in a session is used.

Example

The following example shows how to use the NLSSORT function.

SQL> CREATE TABLE T (NAME VARCHAR(10));
SQL> INSERT INTO T VALUES('jclee');
SQL> INSERT INTO T VALUES(' voir');
SQL> SELECT NAME FROM T ORDER BY NLSSORT(NAME, 'NLS_SORT=german');

NAME
----------
 voir
jclee

2 rows selected.

4.2.92. NLS_CHARSET_ID

NLS_CHARSET_ID returns the ID of the characterset specified by the characterset name argument.

A detailed description of the NLS_CHARSET_ID is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
str
ID of the characterset specified by the characterset name argument.
Can be of CHAR, VARCHAR, NCHAR, or NVARCHAR type.

Example

The following example shows how to use the NLS_CHARSET_ID function.

SQL> SELECT NLS_CHARSET_ID('MSWIN949') FROM DUAL;

NLS_CHARSET_ID('MSWIN949')
--------------------------
                         2

1 row selected.

4.2.93. NLS_INITCAP

NLS_INITCAP returns str with the first letter of each word in uppercase and all other letters in lowercase.

A detailed description of the NLS_INITCAP function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

str

A string value to be converted.

This argument can be a CHAR, VARCHAR, NCHAR, and NVARCHAR.

The return value has the same data type as str.

nls_param

Defines the character set used to convert str.

This argument can be a CHAR, VARCHAR, NCHAR, and NVARCHAR.

It can be defined in the form of 'NLS_SORT=sort'. If it is not specified, a value defined in a session is used.

Example

The following example shows how to use the NLS_INITCAP function.

SQL> SELECT NLS_INITCAP('ijland','NLS_SORT=XDutch') "NLS_INITCAP"
     FROM DUAL;

NLS_INITCAP
-----------
IJland

1 row selected.

4.2.94. NLS_LOWER

NLS_LOWER returns str with all letters in lowercase.

A detailed description of the NLS_LOWER function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
str	A string value to be converted. This argument can be a CHAR, VARCHAR, NCHAR, and NVARCHAR.
nls_param	Defines a character set used to convert str. This argument can be a CHAR, VARCHAR, NCHAR, and NVARCHAR. It can be defined in the form of 'NLS_SORT=sort'. If it is not specified, a value defined in a session is used.

Example

The following example shows how to use the NLS_LOWER function.

SQL> SELECT NLS_LOWER('GROBE','NLS_SORT=XGerman') "NLS_LOWER"
     FROM DUAL;

NLS_LOWER
--------
   grobe

1 row selected.

4.2.95. NLS_UPPER

NLS_UPPER returns str with all letters in uppercase.

A detailed description of the NLS_UPPER function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
str	A string value to be converted. This argument can be a CHAR, VARCHAR, NCHAR, and NVARCHAR.
nls_param	Defines a character set used to convert str. This argument can be a CHAR, VARCHAR, NCHAR, and NVARCHAR It can be defined in the form of 'NLS_SORT=sort'. If it is not specified, a value defined in a session is used.

Example

The following example shows how to use the NLS_UPPER function.

SQL> SELECT NLS_UPPER('große','NLS_SORT=XGerman') "NLS_UPPER"
     FROM DUAL;

NLS_UPPER
---------
   GROSSE

1 row selected.

4.2.96. NTILE

NTILE is an analytic function that divides sorted columns into a number of buckets indicated by expr and assigns a bucket number to each.

A detailed description of the NTILE function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
expr
If this value is not an integer, it will be truncated to an integer.
Cannot contain a nested analytic function.

Example

The following example shows how to use the NTILE function.

SQL> SELECT NTILE(5) OVER (ORDER BY SAL) AS NTILE
     FROM EMP;

     NTILE
----------
         1
         1
         1
         2
         2
         2
         3
         3
         3
         4
         4
         4
         5
         5

14 rows selected.

4.2.97. NULLIF

NULLIF returns NULL if expr1 and expr2 are equal. It returns expr1 if they are not equal.

A detailed description of the NULLIF function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
expr1 An expression that cannot be NULL.
expr2 An expression.

Example

The following example shows how to use the NULLIF function.

SQL> SELECT NVL (NULLIF ('A', 'A'), 'Same') FROM DUAL;

NVL(NULLIF('A','A'),'SAME')
---------------------------
Same

1 row selected.

4.2.98. NUMTODSINTERVAL

NUMTODSINTERVAL returns a date-time interval type value converted from expr.

A detailed description of the NUMTODSINTERVAL function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
expr
A value to be converted.
interval_unit
Specifies the unit of expr.
One of the following can be used: DAY, HOUR, MINUTE, or SECOND.

Example

The following example shows how to use the NUMTODSINTERVAL function.

SQL> SELECT NUMTODSINTERVAL (10, 'DAY') "NUMTODSINTERVAL"
     FROM DUAL;

NUMTODSINTERVAL
-----------------------------
+000000010 00:00:00.000000000 

1 row selected.

4.2.99. NUMTOYMINTERVAL

NUMTOYMINTERVAL returns a year-month interval type value converted from expr.

A detailed description of the NUMTOYMINTERVAL function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
expr
A value to be converted.
interval_unit
Specifies the unit of expr.
Either YEAR or MONTH can be used.

Example

The following example shows how to use the NUMTOYMINTERVAL function.

SQL> SELECT NUMTOYMINTERVAL (10, 'YEAR') "NUMTOYMINTERVAL"
     FROM DUAL;

NUMTOYMINTERVAL
---------------
+000000010-00    

1 row selected.

4.2.100. NVL

NVL returns expr1 if the expression value is not NULL, or expr2 if the first expression value is NULL.

A detailed description of the NVL function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
expr1, expr2 Expressions.

Example

The following example shows how to use the NVL function.

SQL> SELECT NAME, ID, NVL(TO_CHAR(MGRID, '99'), 'N/A') MID
     FROM EMP3;

NAME                         ID MID
-------------------- ---------- ---
Paul                          1 N/A
John                          2   1
Linda                         3   1
Lucas                         4 N/A
Kathy                         5   4

5 rows selected.

4.2.101. NVL2

NVL2 returns expr2 if expr1 is not NULL, or expr3 if expr1 is NULL.

A detailed description of the NVL2 function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

expr1

An expression.

expr2

An expression.

The return type of this function depends on the data type of expr2.

expr3

An expression.

The data type of expr3 is implicitly converted to the data type of expr2.

Example

The following example shows how to use the NVL2 function.

SQL> SELECT NVL2(DUMMY, 'NOT NULL', 'NULL') FROM DUAL;

NVL2(DUMMY, 'NOT NULL', 'NULL')
-------------------------------
NOT NULL        

1 row selected.

4.2.102. ORA_HASH

ORA_HASH returns the hash value of expr.

A detailed description of the ORA_HASH function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
expr	An expression that represents data for which a hash value is computed. All types except for LONG and LOB can be used.
max_bucket	A numeric expression that indicates the maximum bucket size. A value between 0 and 4294967295 can be used. Defaults to 4294967295.
seed_value	A numeric expression that allows the function to produce different results for the same data. A value between 0 and 4294967295 can be used. Defaults to 0.

Example

The following example shows how to use the ORA_HASH function.

SQL> SELECT ORA_HASH(512, 10, 5) FROM DUAL; 

ORA_HASH(512,10,5)
------------------
                 4

1 row selected.

4.2.103. OVERLAPS

OVERLAPS returns TRUE if two given time intervals overlap with one another or FALSE if they do not overlap. The time intervals are specified with two pairs of start and end points. interval can alternatively be specified for end points.

A detailed description of the OVERLAPS function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
date1, date3	Indicate the start date. The values are either a DATE or TIMESTAMP.
date2, date4	Indicate the end date. The values are either a DATE or TIMESTAMP.
interval1, interval2	Interval literals that indicate an interval of dates.

Example

The following example shows how to use the OVERLAPS function.

SQL> SELECT 1 
     FROM DUAL 
     WHERE (DATE'1999-01-01', DATE'2000-01-01') OVERLAPS 
           (DATE'1999-03-01', INTERVAL '1' YEAR);

         1
----------
         1

1 row selected.

4.2.104. PERCENT_RANK

PERCENT_RANK returns the rank of expr as a NUMBER between 0 and 1. This function can be used as an analytic function.

Depending on how this function is used, the calculation method is different as follows:

Function

Description

Aggregate Function

Computes the rank of a virtual row that consists of parameter values, subtracts 1 from the rank, and divides this by the number of rows in a group.

Parameter values should have constant values in a group and correspond to the expression in the ORDER BY clause.

Analytic Function

Computes the rank of a virtual row that consists of parameter values, subtracts 1 from the rank, and divides this by the number of rows in a group minus 1.

A detailed description of the PERCENT_RANK function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

expr

An expression that returns a numeric value.

partition_by

Partitions the result set of the current query block based on expr.

For detailed information, see partition_by in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.

order_by_clause

Specifies how to sort rows in a single divided partition.

For detailed information, see order_by_clause in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.

Example

The following example shows how to use the PERCENT_RANK function.

SQL> SELECT PERCENT_RANK(1000) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY SAL)
       AS PERCENT_RANK
     FROM EMP;

PERCENT_RANK
------------
.14285714286

1 row selected.

Example (Analytic Function)

The following example shows how to use the PERCENT_RANK function as an analytic function.

SQL> SELECT PERCENT_RANK() 
       OVER (PARTITION BY DEPTNO ORDER BY SAL) AS PERCENT_RANK
     FROM EMP;

PERCENT_RANK
------------
           0
          .5
           1
           0
         .25
          .5
         .75
         .75
           0
          .2
          .2
          .6
          .8
           1

14 rows selected.

4.2.105. PERCENTILE_CONT

PERCENTILE_CONT is an inverse distribution function that calculates a value that corresponds to a percentile value given as an argument in a continuous distribution mode. NULL values are ignored during the calculation. This function can be used as an analytic function.

The expression value of an argument is a percentile value between 0 and 1 in a group. The expression value of an ORDER BY clause must be a numeric type or a DATE.

This function computes a result according to linear interpolation after sorting rows with a sorting specification. For this, RN, CRN, and FRN are calculated as follows:

RN=(1+(P*(N-1)))
CRN=CEILING(RN)
FRN=FLOOR(RN)

Classification	Description
P	A percentile value given as an argument.
N	The number of rows that are not NULL in a group.

If CRN and FRN are equal, the final result is the value of an expression at the RNth row. If not, the result is calculated as follows:

(CRN-RN) * (value of expr at FRN) + (RN-FRN) * (value of expr at CRN)

A detailed description of the PERCENTILE_CONT function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

expr

An expression that returns a numeric value.

ASC

DESC

ORDER BY ASC sorts the result in ascending order. (Default value)
ORDER BY DESC sorts the result in descending order.

partition_by

Partitions the result set of the current query block based on expr.

For detailed information, see partition_by in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.

Example

The following example shows how to use the PERCENTILE_CONT function.

SQL> SELECT DEPTNO, PERCENTILE_CONT(0.35) 
       WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY SAL) 
     FROM EMP GROUP BY DEPTNO;

    DEPTNO PERCENTILE_CONT(0.35)WITHINGRO
---------- -------------------------------
        10                            2105
        20                            1850
        30                            1250

3 rows selected.

Example (Analytic Function)

The following example shows how to use the PERCENTILE_CONT function as an analytic function.

SQL> SELECT DEPTNO, EMPNO, PERCENTILE_CONT(0.35) 
       WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY SAL) OVER (PARTITION BY DEPTNO) 
     FROM EMP;

    DEPTNO      EMPNO PERCENTILE_CONT(0.35)WITHINGRO
---------- ---------- -------------------------------
        10       7934                            2105
        10       7782                            2105
        10       7839                            2105
        20       7369                            1850
        20       7876                            1850
        20       7566                            1850
        20       7788                            1850
        20       7902                            1850
        30       7900                            1250
        30       7521                            1250
        30       7654                            1250
        30       7844                            1250
        30       7499                            1250
        30       7698                            1250

14 rows selected.

4.2.106. PERCENTILE_DISC

PERCENTILE_DISC is an inverse distribution function that assumes a discrete distribution. NULL values are ignored during the calculation. This function can be used as an analytic function.

An argument's expression value must be a percentile value and a constant value between 0 and 1. The value must be a type that can be sorted with an ORDER BY clause.

This function calculates RN with the following formula. The result is the expression value at the row corresponding to CRN.

RN=N*P
CRN=CEILING(RN)

A detailed description of the PERCENTILE_DISC function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

expr

An expression that returns a numeric value.

ASC

DESC

ORDER BY ASC sorts the result in ascending order. ASC is the default value.

ORDER BY DESC sorts the result in descending order.

partition_by

Partitions the result set of the current query block based on expr.

For detailed information, see partition_by in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.

Example

The following example shows how to use the PERCENTILE_DISC function.

SQL> SELECT DEPTNO, PERCENTILE_DISC(0.15) 
       WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY SAL) AS PERCENTILE_DISC 
     FROM EMP GROUP BY DEPTNO;

    DEPTNO PERCENTILE_DISC
---------- ---------------
        10            1300
        20             800
        30             950

3 rows selected.

Example (Analytic Function)

The following example shows how to use the PERCENTILE_DISC function as an analytic function.

SQL> SELECT DEPTNO, PERCENTILE_DISC(0.15) 
       WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY SAL) OVER (PARTITION BY DEPTNO) AS PERCENTILE_DISC 
     FROM EMP;

    DEPTNO PERCENTILE_DISC
---------- ---------------
        10            1300
        10            1300
        10            1300
        20             800
        20             800
        20             800
        20             800
        20             800
        30             950
        30             950
        30             950
        30             950
        30             950
        30             950

14 rows selected.

4.2.107. POWER

POWER returns num1 raised to the power of num2 (num1^num2).

A detailed description of the POWER function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

num1, num2

Expressions that return a numeric value.

If num1 is negative, num2 must be an integer.

Should be a NUMBER or a compatible type.

If the type of num1 or num2 is BINARY FLOAT or BINARY_DOUBLE, it returns BINARY DOUBLE type. Otherwise, it returns NUMBER type.

Example

The following example shows how to use the POWER function.

SQL> SELECT POWER(2, 3) FROM DUAL;

POWER(2,3)
----------
         8

1 row selected.

4.2.108. RANK

RANK returns the rank of each row in a group after the rows are sorted by group. This function can be used as an analytic function.

Ranks are NUMBERs. Rows that have equal values receive the same rank, and the rank value is increased by one for each row. Therefore, the ranks may be nonconsecutive numbers.

Depending on how this function is used, the calculation method is different as follows:

Function

Description

Aggregate Function

Computes ranks of virtual rows that match the given arguments.

Arguments should have a constant value for each group and correspond with an expression in order_by_clause.

Analytic Function

Returns the rank of each row in a group.

Each row's rank depends on the sorting method in the expr in order_by_clause.

A detailed description of the RANK function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

expr

An expression that returns a numeric value.

ASC

DESC

ORDER BY ASC sorts the result in ascending order. (Default value)
ORDER BY DESC sorts the result in descending order.

partition_by

Partitions the result set of the current query block based on expr.

For detailed information, see partition_by in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.

Example

The following example shows how to use the RANK function.

SQL> SELECT DEPTNO, RANK(3000) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY SAL) AS RANK
     FROM EMP
     GROUP BY DEPTNO;

    DEPTNO       RANK
---------- ----------
        10          3
        20          4
        30          7

3 rows selected.

Example (Analytic Function)

The following example shows how to use the RANK function as an analytic function.

SQL> SELECT NAME, DEPTID, SALARY, RANK() 
       OVER (PARTITION BY DEPTID ORDER BY SALARY) 
     FROM EMP;

NAME                     DEPTID     SALARY RANK()OVER
-------------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Paul                          1       3000          1
Angela                        1       3000          1
Nick                          1       3200          3
Scott                         1       4000          4
James                         1       4000          4
John                          1       4500          6
Joe                           2       4000          1
Brad                          2       4200          2
Daniel                        2       5000          3
Tom                           2       5000          3
Kathy                         2       5000          3
Bree                          2       6000          6

12 rows selected.

4.2.109. REGR_SLOPE

REGR_SLOPE calculates the linear equation that best fits the set of numeric data pairs. It is used as both aggregate and analytic function, and takes numeric or compatible type arguments. If either a dependent argument (expr1) or an independent argument (expr2) is NULL, that argument is ignored during the calculation. If all rows are NULL, NULL is returned.

This function calculates and returns the slope of a regression line, which is the result of "COVAR_POP(expr1, expr2) / VAR_POP(expr2)". If the result of VAR_POP is 0, the final result is NULL.

COVAR_POP(expr1, expr2) / VAR_POP(expr2)

If the result of VAR_POP is 0, the final result is null.

A detailed description of the REGR_SLOPE function is as follows:

Syntax

Components

Component	Description
expr1	An expression that returns a numeric value. This is the dependent variable.
expr2	An expression that returns a numeric value. This is the independent variable.

Example

The following example shows how to use the REGR_SLOPE function.

SQL> SELECT * FROM XY;

         X          Y
---------- ----------
         1          1
         2          3

2 rows selected.

SQL> SELECT REGR_SLOPE(Y,X) FROM XY;

REGR_SLOPE(Y,X)
---------------
              2

1 row selected.
   
SQL> SELECT REGR_SLOPE(X,Y) FROM XY;

REGR_SLOPE(X,Y)
---------------
             .5

1 row selected.

4.2.110. REGR_INTERCEPT

REGR_INTERCEPT calculates the linear equation that best fits the set of numeric data pairs. It is used as both aggregate and analytic function, and takes numeric or compatible type arguments. If either a dependent argument (expr1) or an independent argument (expr2) is NULL, that argument is ignored during the calculation. If all rows are NULL, NULL is returned.

This function calculates and returns the y-intercept of the regression line, which is the result of "AVG(expr1) - REGR_SLOPE(expr1, expr2) × AVG(expr2)". If the result of REGR_SLOPE is NULL, the final result is also NULL.

AVG(exr1) - REGR_SLOPE(expr1, expr2) × AVG(expr2)

If the result of VAR_POP is 0, the final result is null.

A detailed description of the REGR_INTERCEPT function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
expr1	An expression that returns a numeric value. This is the dependent variable.
expr2	An expression that returns a numeric value. This is the independent variable.

Example

The following example shows how to use the REGR_INTERCEPT function.

SQL> SELECT * FROM XY;

         X          Y
---------- ----------
         1          1
         2          3

2 rows selected.

SQL> SELECT REGR_INTERCEPT(Y,X) FROM XY;

REGR_INTERCEPT(Y,X)
-------------------
                 -1

1 row selected.

4.2.111. REGR_COUNT

REGR_COUNT calculates the linear equation that best fits the set of numeric data pairs. It is used as both aggregate and analytic function, and takes numeric or compatible type arguments. If either a dependent argument (expr1) or an independent argument (expr2) is NULL, that argument is ignored during the calculation. If all rows are NULL, NULL is returned.

This function returns the number of non-null number pairs (expr1, expr2). It is used to configure the regression line.

A detailed description of the REGR_COUNT function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
expr1	An expression that returns a numeric value. This is the dependent variable.
expr2	An expression that returns a numeric value. This is the independent variable.

Example

The following example shows how to use the REGR_COUNT function.

SQL> SELECT * FROM XY;

         X          Y
---------- ----------
         1          1
         2          3

2 rows selected.

SQL> SELECT REGR_COUNT(Y,X) FROM XY;

REGR_COUNT(Y,X)
---------------
              2

1 row selected.

4.2.112. REGR_R2

REGR_R2 calculates the linear equation that best fits the set of numeric data pairs. It is used as both aggregate and analytic function, and takes numeric or compatible type arguments. If either a dependent argument (expr1) or an independent argument (expr2) is NULL, that argument is ignored during the calculation. If all rows are NULL, NULL is returned.

This function calculates the coefficient of determination (R-squared or how well a regression is fitted) for the regression line. The VAR_POP(expr1) and VAR_POP(expr2) values determine the return value.

If VAR_POP(expr2) = 0, returns NULL.
If VAR_POP(expr1) = 0 and VAR_POP(expr2) > 0, returns 1.
If VAR_POP(expr1) > 0 and VAR_POP(expr2) > 0, returns POWER(CORR(expr1, expr2), 2)

A detailed description of the REGR_R2 function is as follows:

Syntax

Components

Component	Description
expr1	An expression that returns a numeric value. This is the dependent variable.
expr2	An expression that returns a numeric value. This is the independent variable.

Example

The following example shows how to use the REGR_R2 function.

SQL> SELECT * FROM XY;

         X          Y
---------- ----------
         1          1
         2          3

2 rows selected.

SQL> SELECT REGR_R2(Y,X) FROM XY;

REGR_R2(Y,X)
------------
           1

1 row selected.

4.2.113. REGR_AVGX

REGR_AVGX calculates the linear equation that best fits the set of numeric data pairs. It is used as both aggregate and analytic function, and takes numeric or compatible type arguments. If either a dependent argument (expr1) or an independent argument (expr2) is NULL, that argument is ignored during the calculation. If all rows are NULL, NULL is returned.

This function calculates the average value of the independent variable (expr2). "AVG(expr2)" is calculated after null pairs are eliminated.

A detailed description of the REGR_AVGX function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
expr1	An expression that returns a numeric value. This is the dependent variable.
expr2	An expression that returns a numeric value. This is the independent variable.

Example

The following example shows how to use the REGR_AVGX function.

SQL> SELECT * FROM XY;

         X          Y
---------- ----------
         1          1
         2          3

2 rows selected.

SQL> SELECT REGR_AVGX(Y,X) FROM XY;

REGR_AVGX(Y,X)
--------------
           1.5

1 row selected.

4.2.114. REGR_AVGY

REGR_AVGY calculates the linear equation that best fits the set of numeric data pairs. It is used as both aggregate and analytic function, and takes numeric or compatible type arguments. If either a dependent argument (expr1) or an independent argument (expr2) is NULL, that argument is ignored during the calculation. If all rows are NULL, NULL is returned.

This function calculates the average value of the independent variable (expr1). "AVG(expr1)" is calculated after null pairs are eliminated.

A detailed description of the REGR_AVGY function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
expr1	An expression that returns a numeric value. This is the dependent variable.
expr2	An expression that returns a numeric value. This is the independent variable.

Example

The following example shows how to use the REGR_AVGY function.

SQL> SELECT * FROM XY;

         X          Y
---------- ----------
         1          1
         2          3

2 rows selected.

SQL> SELECT REGR_AVGY(Y,X) FROM XY;

REGR_AVGY(Y,X)
--------------
             2

1 row selected.

4.2.115. REGR_SXX

REGR_SXX calculates the linear equation that best fits the set of numeric data pairs. It is used as both aggregate and analytic function, and takes numeric or compatible type arguments. If either a dependent argument (expr1) or an independent argument (expr2) is NULL, that argument is ignored during the calculation. If all rows are NULL, NULL is returned.

This function calculates and returns the statistics for data diagnostics used in regression analysis.

REGR_COUNT(expr1, expr2) × VAR_POP(expr2)

A detailed description of the REGR_SXX function is as follows:

Syntax

Components

Component	Description
expr1	An expression that returns a numeric value. This is the dependent variable.
expr2	An expression that returns a numeric value. This is the independent variable.

Example

The following example shows how to use the REGR_SXX function.

SQL> SELECT * FROM XY;

         X          Y
---------- ----------
         1          1
         2          3

2 rows selected.

SQL> SELECT REGR_SXX(Y,X) FROM XY;

REGR_SXX(Y,X)
-------------
           .5

1 row selected.

4.2.116. REGR_SXY

REGR_SXY calculates the linear equation that best fits the set of numeric data pairs. It is used as both aggregate and analytic function, and takes numeric or compatible type arguments. If either a dependent argument (expr1) or an independent argument (expr2) is NULL, that argument is ignored during the calculation. If all rows are NULL, NULL is returned.

This auxiliary function calculates and returns the statistics for data diagnostics used in regression analysis.

REGR_COUNT(expr1, expr2) × VAR_POP(expr1)

A detailed description of the REGR_SXY function is as follows:

Syntax

Components

Component	Description
expr1	An expression that returns a numeric value. This is the dependent variable.
expr2	An expression that returns a numeric value. This is the independent variable.

Example

The following example shows how to use the REGR_SXY function.

SQL> SELECT * FROM XY;

         X          Y
---------- ----------
         1          1
         2          3

2 rows selected.

SQL> SELECT REGR_SYY(Y,X) FROM XY;

REGR_SYY(Y,X)
-------------
            2

1 row selected.

4.2.117. REGR_SYY

REGR_SYY calculates the linear equation that best fits the set of numeric data pairs. It is used as both aggregate and analytic function, and takes numeric or compatible type arguments. If either a dependent argument (expr1) or an independent argument (expr2) is NULL, that argument is ignored during the calculation. If all rows are NULL, NULL is returned.

This auxiliary function calculates and returns the statistics for data diagnostics used in regression analysis.

REGR_COUNT(expr1, expr2) × VAR_POP(expr1)

A detailed description of the REGR_SYY function is as follows:

Syntax

Components

Component	Description
expr1	An expression that returns a numeric value. This is the dependent variable.
expr2	An expression that returns a numeric value. This is the independent variable.

Example

The following example shows how to use the REGR_SYY function.

SQL> SELECT * FROM XY;

         X          Y
---------- ----------
         1          1
         2          3

2 rows selected.

SQL> SELECT REGR_SXY(Y,X) FROM XY;

REGR_SXY(Y,X)
-------------
            1

1 row selected.

4.2.118. RATIO_TO_REPORT

RATIO_TO_REPORT is an analytic function that computes the ratio of a value to the sum of a set of values. If expr is NULL, the return value of this function is also NULL.

The set of values is determined by partition_by. If partition_by is not specified, this function computes over every row returned by the query.

A detailed description of the RATIO_TO_REPORT function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

expr

An expression that returns a numeric value.

Cannot contain a nested analytic function. However, this can contain other embedded functions.

partition_by

Partitions the result set of the current query block based on expr.

For detailed information, see partition_by in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.

Example

The following example shows how to use the RATIO_TO_REPORT function.

SQL> SELECT TYPE, AMOUNT, RATIO_TO_REPORT(AMOUNT) OVER () RATIO 
     FROM ASSETS;
 
TYPE                     AMOUNT      RATIO
-------------------- ---------- ----------
funds                       200         .1
stock                       500        .25
real_estate                1000         .5
cash                        300        .15

4 rows selected.

4.2.119. RAWTOHEX

RAWTOHEX converts raw to a hexadecimal VARCHAR2.

A detailed description of the RAWTOHEX function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
raw An expression that returns a string. CLOB, BLOB, LONG, LONG RAW, XMLTYPE, and GEOMETRY types cannot be used.

Example

The following example shows how to use the RAWTOHEX function.

SQL> SELECT RAWTOHEX('AB') FROM DUAL;

RAWTOHEX('AB')
--------------
4142

1 row selected.

4.2.120. REGEXP_COUNT

REGEXP_COUNT returns how many times a regular expression pattern is repeated in source_str.

A detailed description of the REGEXP_COUNT function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
source_str	An expression that returns a string. This argument can be a CHAR, VARCHAR2, NCHAR, and NVARCHAR2.
pattern	An expression that returns a string written with a regular expression. This argument can be a CHAR, VARCHAR2, NCHAR, and NVARCHAR2. If the type is different from that of source_str, it is converted to the type of source_str.
position	An expression that returns a numeric value and indicates the initial position to begin matching from. Defaults to 1.
match_param	An expression that returns a string. This parameter specifies option for matching the pattern. The following values are available. Multiple values can be specified. 'i': Case-insensitive. ''c': Case-sensitive. 'n': Indicates that a period can function as a newline character. 'm': Treats the input string as a multiple line input. 'x': Ignores whitespace characters. If contradictory values are used together, only the last value is used. For example, if 'ic' is specified, only 'c' is used.

Example

The following example shows how to use the REGEXP_COUNT function.

SQL> SELECT REGEXP_COUNT('abcabcabc','abc', 2) FROM DUAL;

REGEXP_COUNT('ABCABCABC','ABC',2)
---------------------------------
                                2

1 row selected.

4.2.121. REGEXP_INSTR

REGEXP_INSTR returns the position where a regular expression pattern exists in source_str. If pattern does not exist in source_str, 0 is returned.

A detailed description of the REGEXP_INSTR function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

sou

(source_str)

An expression that returns a string.

This argument can be a CHAR, VARCHAR2, NCHAR, or NVARCHAR2.

pat

(pattern)

An expression that returns a string that contains a regular expression.

This argument can be a CHAR, VARCHAR2, NCHAR, or NVARCHAR2. If the type is different from that of source_str, it is converted to the type of source_str.

pos

(position)

An expression that returns a numeric value that indicates the initial position to begin matching from. Defaults to 1.

occ

(occurrence)

An expression that returns a numeric value. If specified, the function will return the nth occurrence of the matched pattern. Defaults to 1.

ret

(return_option)

An expression that returns a numeric value.

0: Returns the position of the first character of the pattern. This is the default value.
1: Returns the position of the character following the pattern.

mat

(match_param)

An expression that returns a string. This parameter specifies option for matching the pattern. The available values and their characteristics are the same as the REGEXP_COUNT function.

sub

(sub_expr)

An expression that returns a numeric value between 0 and 9. Defaults to 0.

This specifies which fragment of a pattern to use. Fragments are enclosed in parentheses and are numbered from left to right.

For example, the following regular expression contains four groups.

(tibero(is(a)(rdbms)))

The four groups are "tiberoisanrdbms" numbered as 1, "isanrdbms" as 2, "an" as 3, and "rdbms" as 4.

Example

The following example shows how to use the REGEXP_INSTR function.

SQL> SELECT REGEXP_INSTR('abcabcabc','abc', 2) FROM DUAL;

REGEXP_INSTR('ABCABCABC','ABC',2)
---------------------------------
                                4

1 row selected.

4.2.122. REGEXP_REPLACE

REGEXP_REPLACE searches source_str and replaces an occurrence of the regular expression pattern with replace_str.

A detailed description of the REGEXP_REPLACE function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

sou

(source_str)

An expression that returns a string.

This argument can be a CHAR, VARCHAR2, NCHAR, or NVARCHAR2.

pat

(pattern)

An expression that returns a string that contains a regular expression.

This argument can be a CHAR, VARCHAR2, NCHAR, or NVARCHAR2. If the type is different from that of source_str, it is converted to the type of source_str.

rep

(replace_str)

An expression that returns a string.

This argument can be a CHAR, VARCHAR2, NCHAR, or NVARCHAR2. If the type is different from that of source_str, it is converted to the type of source_str.

pos

(position)

An expression that returns a numeric value that indicates the initial position to begin matching from. Defaults to 1.

occ

(occurrence)

An expression that returns a numeric value. If specified, the function will return the nth occurrence of pattern. Defaults to 1.

mat

(match_param)

An expression that returns a string. This parameter specifies options for matching the pattern. The available values and their characteristics are the same as the REGEXP_COUNT function.

Example

The following example shows how to use the REGEXP_REPLACE function.

SQL> SELECT REGEXP_REPLACE('aaaaaaa','([[:alpha:]])', 'x') FROM DUAL;

REGEXP_REPLACE('AAAAAAA','([[:ALPHA:]])','X')
---------------------------------------------
xxxxxxx

1 row selected.

4.2.123. REGEXP_SUBSTR

REGEXP_SUBSTR returns a string found by searching source_str for the regular expression pattern.

A detailed description of the REGEXP_SUBSTR function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
source_str	An expression that returns a string. This argument can be a CHAR, VARCHAR2, NCHAR, or NVARCHAR2.
pattern	An expression that returns a string that contains a regular expression. This argument can be a CHAR, VARCHAR2, NCHAR, or NVARCHAR2. If the type is different from that of source_str, it is converted to the type of source_str.
position	An expression that returns a numeric value that indicates the initial position to begin matching from. Defaults to 1.
occurrence	An expression that returns a numeric value. If specified, the function will return the nth occurrence of pattern. Defaults to 1.
match_param	An expression that returns a string. This parameter specifies option for matching the pattern. The available values and their characteristics are the same as the REGEXP_COUNT function.
sub_expr	An expression that returns a numeric value between 0 and 9. Defaults to 0. This has the same characteristics as the REGEXP_INSTR function.

Example

The following example shows how to use the REGEXP_SUBSTR function.

SQL> SELECT REGEXP_SUBSTR('123456','3.*5', 1) FROM DUAL;

REGEXP_SUBSTR('123456','3.*5',1)
--------------------------------
345

1 row selected.

4.2.124. REMAINDER

REMAINDER returns the remainder after dividing num1 by num2.

A detailed description of the REMAINDER function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
num1, num2	num1 and num2 must be a numeric value or a type that can be converted to a numeric value. If the types of num1 and num2 do not match, the type with the higher priority is used for both components. The return value is also set to this type.

Example

The following example shows how to use the REMAINDER function.

SQL> SELECT REMAINDER(3, 2), REMAINDER(7F, 3), REMAINDER(5.5D, 1.3F) FROM DUAL;

REMAINDER(3,2) REMAINDER(7F,3) REMAINDER(5.5D,1.4F)
-------------- --------------- --------------------
            -1        1.0E+000             3.0E-001

1 rows selected.

4.2.125. REPLACE

REPLACE searches str and replaces substr with replace_str.

A detailed description of the REPLACE function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

str

An expression that returns a string.

substr

An expression that returns a string.

If this is NULL, str is used.

replace_str

An expression that returns a string.

If this is NULL or not specified, every instance of substr in str is removed.

Example

The following example shows how to use the REPLACE function.

SQL> SELECT REPLACE('ABCDEFG', 'CD') FROM DUAL;

REPLACE('ABCDEFG','CD')
-----------------------
ABEFG                  

1 row selected.

SQL> SELECT REPLACE('ABCDEFG', 'CD', 'XY') FROM DUAL;

REPLACE('ABCDEFG','CD','XY')
----------------------------
ABXYEFG

1 row selected.

4.2.126. REVERSE

REVERSE returns the reverse of str.

A detailed description of the REVERSE function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
str An expression that returns a string.

Example

The following example shows how to use the REVERSE function.

SQL> SELECT REVERSE('TIBERO') FROM DUAL;

REVERSE('TIBERO')
-----------------
OREBIT

1 row selected.

4.2.127. ROUND(number)

ROUND(number) returns num1 rounded to an amount of decimal places equal to num2.

A detailed description of the ROUND(number) function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

num1

An expression that returns a numeric value.

num2

An expression that returns a numeric value.

Must be an integer.

If this is 0 or not specified, num1 will be rounded to 0 places.

If this is a negative integer, num1 will be rounded off to the left of the decimal point.

Example

The following example shows how to use the ROUND(number) function.

SQL> SELECT ROUND(345.678), ROUND(345.678, 2), ROUND(345.678, -1) 
     FROM DUAL;

ROUND(345.678) ROUND(345.678,2) ROUND(345.678,-1)
-------------- ---------------- -----------------
           346           345.68               350

1 row selected.

4.2.128. ROUND(date)

ROUND(date) returns date rounded to the unit specified in format.

A detailed description of the ROUND(date) function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

date

An expression that returns a date.

format

A string that represents a format model that specifies a rounding off unit.

If this is not specified, the date is rounded to the nearest day using the "DD" format string. format can be of a format like 'YEAR', 'MONTH', 'DAY', etc.

Format strings that can be specified in the ROUND(date) function are as follows:

Format String	Description
CC, SCC	The last 2 digits of a 4-digit year are truncated and then 1 year is added 1. (e.g., xx01)
IYYY, IYY, IY, I	An ISO year is rounded up or down on July 1.
SYYYY, YYYY, YYY, YY, Y, YEAR, SYEAR	A year is rounded up or down based on July 1.
Q	A quarter is rounded up or down on the 16th day of the second month.
MONTH, MON, MM, RM	A month is rounded up or down on the 16th day.
WW	A week is rounded up or down where week 1 starts on the first day of the year (January 1).
IW	A week is rounded up or down on the same day of the week as the first day of the ISO year.
W	A week is rounded up or down on the same day of the week as the first day of the month.
DDD, DD, J	A day is rounded up or down after 12 p.m.
DAY, DY, D	A week is rounded up or down to the nearest Sunday based on Wednesday at 12 p.m.
HH24, HH12, HH	An hour is rounded up or down based on minutes.
MI	A minute is rounded up or down based on seconds.

Example

The following example shows how to use the ROUND(date) function.

SQL> SELECT ROUND(TO_DATE('2005/06/22'), 'YEAR') AS TO_DATE
     FROM DUAL;

TO_DATE                         
--------------------------------
2005/01/01   

1 row selected.                    

SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(ROUND(TO_DATE('1998/6/20', 
       'YYYY/MM/DD'), 'CC'), 'YYYY/MM/DD') AS TO_DATE
     FROM DUAL;

TO_DATE   
----------
2001/01/01           

1 row selected.                                             

SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(ROUND(TO_DATE('-3741/01/02', 
       'SYYYY/MM/DD'), 'CC'), 'SYYYY/MM/DD') AS TO_DATE
     FROM DUAL;

TO_DATE    
-----------
-3700/01/01                                                            

1 row selected.

SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(ROUND(TO_DATE('2005/01/26 12:30:14', 
       'YYYY/MM/DD HH24:MI:SS'), 'DY'), 'YYYY/MM/DD') AS TO_DATE
     FROM DUAL;

TO_DATE   
----------
2005/01/30

1 row selected.

SQL> SELECT ROUND(TO_DATE('2005/01/26 12:30:14', 
       'YYYY/MM/DD HH24:MI:SS')) AS TO_DATE
     FROM DUAL;

TO_DATE                         
--------------------------------
2005/01/27

1 row selected.

4.2.129. ROWIDTOCHAR

ROWIDTOCHAR returns a VARCHAR converted from a ROWID, rowid.

A detailed description of the ROWIDTOCHAR function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
rowid A value to be converted to a VARCHAR.

Example

The following example shows how to use the ROWIDTOCHAR function.

SQL> SELECT LAST_NAME
     FROM EMP
     WHERE ROWIDTOCHAR(ROWID) LIKE "%AAAF%';   
 
LAST_NAME  
---------- 
King

1 row selected.

4.2.130. ROW_NUMBER

ROW_NUMBER is an analytic function that assigns a unique consecutive number, starting from 1, to each row to which it is applied (each row in a partition or each row returned by a query), in the order specified in order_by_clause.

This function enables top-N, bottom-N, and inner-N reporting. To get consistent results, a query must guarantee a constant sort order.

A detailed description of the ROW_NUMBER function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

partition_by

Partitions the result set of the current query block based on expr.

For detailed information, see partition_by in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.

order_by_clause

Specifies how to sort rows in a single divided partition.

For detailed information, see order_by_clause in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.

Example

The following example shows how to use the ROW_NUMBER function.

SQL> SELECT JOB_ID, LAST_NAME, SALARY
     FROM
     (
       SELECT JOB_ID, LAST_NAME, SALARY,
         ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY JOB_ID ORDER BY SALARY) RN
       FROM EMPLOYEES_DEMO
     )
     WHERE RN <= 1;
 
JOB_ID     LAST_NAME                     SALARY
---------- ------------------------- ----------
AD_PRES    King                           24000
AD_VP      Kochhar                        17000
IT_PROG    Ernst                           6000

3 rows selected.

4.2.131. RPAD

RPAD pads the right side of expr1 with expr2 resulting in a new string with a maximum length of num.

In most character sets, the number of characters of a string to be returned is the same as the length. However, in the case of multibyte character sets such as Korean, the number and the length can differ from each another.

A detailed description of the RPAD function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

expr1

An expression that returns a string, CLOB, or BLOB.

If expr1 is longer than num, this function returns the first num characters of expr1.

expr2

An expression that returns a string, CLOB, or BLOB.

If this is not specified, blank spaces are used.

num

An expression that returns a numeric value.

The length of the returned string.

Example

The following example shows how to use the RPAD function.

SQL> SELECT RPAD('RPAD', 10, '-=') FROM DUAL;

RPAD('RPAD',10,'-=')
--------------------
RPAD-=-=-=

1 row selected.

4.2.132. RTRIM

RTRIM removes any character included in char_set from the right end of str.

A detailed description of the RTRIM function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
str An expression that returns a string.
char_set
An expression that returns a string.
If this is not specified, the default value is a blank space.

Example

The following example shows how to use the RTRIM function.

SQL> SELECT RTRIM('ABCDE ') FROM DUAL;

RTRIM('ABCDE')
--------------
ABCDE

1 row selected.

SQL> SELECT RTRIM('XYXABCDEXYX', 'XY') FROM DUAL;

RTRIM('XYXABCDEXYX','XY')
-------------------------
XYXABCDE

1 row selected.

4.2.133. SESSIONTIMEZONE

SESSIONTIMEZONE returns the time zone of the current session.

A detailed description of the SESSIONTIMEZONE follows:

Syntax

Example

The following example shows how to use the SESSIONTIMEZONE function.

SQL> SELECT SESSIONTIMEZONE FROM DUAL;

SESSIONTIMEZONE
-------------------------
Asia/Seoul

1 row selected.

4.2.134. SIGN

SIGN returns -1, 0, or +1 when num is negative, 0, or positive, respectively.

A detailed description of the SIGN function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

num

Expression that returns a numeric value.

Should be a NUMBER or a compatible type. The return type is a NUMBER.

If num is a NUMBER, the return values are shown below.

Less than 0: -1
0: 0
Greater than 0: 1

If num is a BINARY_FLOAT or BINARY_DOUBLE, the return values are shown below.

Less than 0: -1
Greater than or equal to 0, or NaN: 1

Example

The following example shows how to use the SIGN function.

SQL> SELECT SIGN(-10), SIGN(0), SIGN(15.5) FROM DUAL;

 SIGN(-10)    SIGN(0) SIGN(15.5)
---------- ---------- ----------
        -1          0          1

1 row selected.

4.2.135. SIN

SIN computes the sine of num.

A detailed description of the SIN function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
num	An expression that returns a real number, in radians. Should be a NUMBER or a compatible type. The return type is NUMBER. If num is a BINARY FLOAT, it returns a BINARY DOUBLE. Otherwise, it returns the same type as num.

Example

The following example shows how to use the SIN function.

SQL> SELECT SIN(3.141592654 / 2.0) FROM DUAL;

SIN(3.141592654/2.0)
--------------------
                   1

1 row selected.

4.2.136. SINH

SINH computes the hyperbolic sine of num.

A detailed description of the SINH function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
num	An expression that returns a real number, in radians. Should be a NUMBER or a compatible type. If num is a BINARY FLOAT, it returns a BINARY DOUBLE. Otherwise, it returns the same type as num.

Example

The following example shows how to use the SINH function.

SQL> SELECT SINH(1) FROM DUAL;

   SINH(1)
----------
1.17520119

1 row selected.

4.2.137. SKEW

SKEW returns the skewness of expr.

This function takes any numeric data type and some non-numeric data types that can be implicitly converted to a numeric data type as an argument. This function returns a value of the numeric data type of the given parameter or the converted numeric data type.

A detailed description of the SKEW function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

set_quantifier

Specifies whether to allow duplicate rows. One of the following can be set:

- DISTINCT, UNIQUE: Remove duplicate rows.

- ALL: includes all rows. This is the default value.

expr

An expression to be calculated.

Example

The following example shows how to use the SKEW function.

SQL> SELECT SKEW(SAL) FROM EMP;

 SKEW(SAL)
----------
1.17469474

1 row selected.

4.2.138. SQRT

SQRT computes the square root of num.

A detailed description of the SQRT function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
num	If num is a NUMBER, num cannot be a negative value. The return value is the same type as num. If num is a BINARY_FLOAT or BINARY_DOUBLE, the return values are shown below. num is greater than or equal to 0: A real number num is less than 0: NaN

Example

The following example shows how to use the SQRT function.

SQL> SELECT SQRT(2.0) FROM DUAL;

 SQRT(2.0)
----------
1.41421356

1 row selected.

4.2.139. STDDEV

STDDEV returns the sample standard deviation of expr. This function can be used as an analytic function. In Tibero, the sample standard deviation is calculated as the square root of the result of the VARIANCE aggregate function.

This function takes all numeric data types and some non-numeric data types that can be implicitly converted to a numeric data type as an argument. STDDEV returns a value of the numeric data type of the given parameter or the converted numeric data type.

The difference between STDDEV and STDDEV_SAMP is that STDDEV returns 0 if the input data is a single row while STDDEV_SAMP returns NULL.

A detailed description of the STDDEV function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

expr

An expression that returns a numeric value.

analytic_clause

This function can be used as an analytic function using "OVER analytic_clause".

For detailed information, see analytic_clause in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.

Example

The following example shows how to use the STDDEV function.

SQL> SELECT STDDEV(AGE) FROM EMP_AGE;
 
STDDEV(AGE)
-----------
3.034981237
 
1 row selected.

Example (Analytic Function)

The following example shows how to use the STDDEV function as an analytic function.

SQL> SELECT DEPTNO, EMPNO, STDDEV(SAL)
       OVER (PARTITION BY DEPTNO) AS STDDEV
     FROM EMP;

    DEPTNO      EMPNO     STDDEV
---------- ---------- ----------
        10       7934 1893.62967
        10       7839 1893.62967
        10       7782 1893.62967
        20       7566  1123.3321
        20       7788  1123.3321
        20       7876  1123.3321
        20       7902  1123.3321
        20       7369  1123.3321
        30       7654 668.331255
        30       7698 668.331255
        30       7521 668.331255
        30       7499 668.331255
        30       7844 668.331255
        30       7900 668.331255

14 rows selected.

4.2.140. STDDEV_POP

STDDEV_POP returns the population standard deviation of expr. This function can be used as an analytic function. In Tibero, the population standard deviation is calculated as the square root of the result of the VARIANCE_POP aggregate function. This function returns a value of the numeric data type of the given parameter or the converted numeric data type.

A detailed description of the STDDEV_POP function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

expr

An expression that returns a numeric data type or a compatible type.

analytic_clause

This function can be used as an analytic function using "OVER analytic_clause".

For detailed information, see analytic_clause in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.

Example

The following example shows how to use the STDDEV_POP function.

SQL> SELECT STDDEV_POP(AGE) FROM EMP_AGE;
 
STDDEV_POP(AGE)
---------------
2.8792360097776

1 row selected.

Example (Analytic Function)

The following example shows how to use the STDDEV_POP function as an analytic function.

SQL> SELECT DEPTNO, EMPNO, STDDEV_POP(SAL)
       OVER (PARTITION BY DEPTNO) AS STDDEV_POP
     FROM EMP;

    DEPTNO      EMPNO STDDEV_POP
---------- ---------- ----------
        10       7934 1546.14215
        10       7839 1546.14215
        10       7782 1546.14215
        20       7566 1004.73877
        20       7788 1004.73877
        20       7876 1004.73877
        20       7902 1004.73877
        20       7369 1004.73877
        30       7654 610.100174
        30       7698 610.100174
        30       7521 610.100174
        30       7499 610.100174
        30       7844 610.100174
        30       7900 610.100174

14 rows selected.

4.2.141. STDDEV_SAMP

STDDEV_SAMP returns the cumulative sample standard deviation of expr. This function can be used as an analytic function. In Tibero, the cumulative sample standard deviation is calculated as the square root of the result of the VARIANCE_SAMP aggregate function. This function returns a value of the numeric data type of the given parameter or the converted numeric data type.

A detailed description of the STDDEV_SAMP function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

expr

An expression that returns a numeric data type or a compatible type.

analytic_clause

This function can be used as an analytic function using "OVER analytic_clause".

For detailed information, see analytic_clause in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.

Example

The following example shows how to use the STDDEV_SAMP function.

SQL> SELECT STDDEV_SAMP(AGE) FROM EMP_AGE;
 
STDDEV_SAMP(AGE)
----------------
3.03498123735734
 
1 row selected.

Example (Analytic Function)

The following example shows how to use the STDDEV_SAMP function as an analytic function.

SQL> SELECT DEPTNO, EMPNO, STDDEV_SAMP(SAL)
       OVER (PARTITION BY DEPTNO) AS STDDEV_SAMP
     FROM EMP;

    DEPTNO      EMPNO STDDEV_SAMP
---------- ---------- -----------
        10       7782  1893.62967
        10       7839  1893.62967
        10       7934  1893.62967
        20       7566   1123.3321
        20       7902   1123.3321
        20       7876   1123.3321
        20       7369   1123.3321
        20       7788   1123.3321
        30       7521  668.331255
        30       7844  668.331255
        30       7499  668.331255
        30       7900  668.331255
        30       7698  668.331255
        30       7654  668.331255

14 rows selected.

4.2.142. SUBSTR

SUBSTR returns length characters of str beginning at position.

Alternatively, SUBSTRB uses bytes instead of characters to determine length.

A detailed description of the SUBSTR function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

str

An expression that returns a string.

position

An expression that returns an integer.

The first character in a string has a position of 1.

If this value is 0, it is treated as if it were 1. If it is less than 0, the function counts in reverse from the end of the string.

length

An expression that returns an integer.

If this is not specified, SUBSTR returns the remainder of the string after position. If it is less than 1, NULL is returned.

Example

The following example shows how to use the SUBSTRB function.

SQL> SELECT SUBSTR('ABCDEFG', 3),
            SUBSTR('ABCDEFG', 3, 2) 
     FROM DUAL;

SUBSTR('ABCDEFG',3) SUBSTR('ABCDEFG',3,2)
------------------- ---------------------
CDEFG               CD

1 row selected.

SQL> SELECT SUBSTR('ABCDEFG', -3),
            SUBSTR('ABCDEFG', -3, 2) 
     FROM DUAL;

SUBSTR('ABCDEFG',-3) SUBSTR('ABCDEFG',-3,2)
-------------------- ----------------------
EFG                  EF

1 row selected.

4.2.143. SUM

SUM returns the sum of expr values for all rows in a group. This function can be used as an analytic function.

If DISTINCT is specified when this function is used as an analytic function, only query_partition_clause can be specified in analytic_clause, and order_by_clause cannot be specified.

A detailed description of the SUM function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

set_quantifier

Specifies whether to allow duplicate rows. One of the following can be set:

DISTINCT, UNIQUE: Remove duplicate rows.
ALL: includes all rows. This is the default value.

expr

An expression.

If DISTINCT is specified before expr, duplicate expr values are removed before computing a maximum value.

analytic_clause

This function can be used as an analytic function using "OVER analytic_clause".

For detailed information, see analytic_clause in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.

Example

The following example shows how to use the SUM function.

SQL> SELECT DEPTID, SUM(SALARY) FROM EMP2 GROUP BY DEPTID;

    DEPTID SUM(SALARY)
---------- ----------
         1      14700
         2      19200

2 rows selected.

Example (Analytic Function)

The following example shows how to use the SUM function as an analytic function.

SQL> SELECT NAME, DEPTID, SALARY, SUM(SALARY) 
       OVER (PARTITION BY DEPTID) 
     FROM EMP2;

NAME                     DEPTID     SALARY SUM(SALARY)
-------------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Paul                          1       3000      14700
Nick                          1       3200      14700
Scott                         1       4000      14700
John                          1       4500      14700
Bree                          2       6000      19200
Daniel                        2       5000      19200
Joe                           2       4000      19200
Brad                          2       4200      19200

8 rows selected.

SQL> SELECT NAME, SALARY, SUM(SALARY) 
       OVER (ORDER BY SALARY RANGE UNBOUNDED PRECEDING) 
     FROM EMP3;

NAME                     SALARY SUM(SALARY)
-------------------- ---------- ----------
Paul                       3000       3000
Nick                       3200       9400
Scott                      3200       9400
John                       3500      12900
Bree                       4000      16900
Daniel                     4500      25900
Joe                        4500      25900

7 rows selected.

4.2.144. SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH

SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH returns the path of expr from root to node. This function is valid only in hierarchical queries. Each column value in the returned path is separated by char.

A detailed description of the SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

expr, char

One of the following types: CHAR, VARCHAR2, NCHAR, or NVARCHAR2.

The returned string is a VARCHAR2 and is in the same character set as expr.

Example

The following example shows how to use the SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH function.

SQL> SELECT ENAME, CONNECT_BY_ROOT ENAME MANAGER,
            SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH(ENAME, '-') PATH
     FROM EMP2
     WHERE LEVEL > 1
       CONNECT BY PRIOR EMPNO = MGRNO
       START WITH ENAME = 'Clark';

ENAME           MANAGER         PATH
--------------- --------------- -----------------------
Martin          Clark           -Clark-Martin
James           Clark           -Clark-Martin-James
Alicia          Clark           -Clark-Martin-Alicia
Ramesh          Clark           -Clark-Ramesh
Allen           Clark           -Clark-Ramesh-Allen
JohnClark       Clark           -Ramesh-John
Ward            Clark           -Clark-Ramesh-John-Ward

7 rows selected.

4.2.145. SYS_CONTEXT

SYS_CONTEXT returns the argument value associated with the context namespace. The context namespace and argument can be defined as a string or an expression. This function returns a VARCHAR.

In Tibero, the default context namespace is USERENV. A user can create a context namespace using the CREATE CONTEXT DDL statement. The return value of SYS_CONTEXT for each parameter of the namespace can be specified using the procedure DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT.

A detailed description of the SYS_CONTEXT function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
namespace A value to define the context.
param A parameter name associated with the context namespace.
Example

The following example shows how to use the SYS_CONTEXT function.
```
SQL> SELECT SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV', 'TID') "TID"
     FROM DUAL;

TID
---
  1

1 row selected.
```
The following example illustrates how the SYS_CONTEXT function displays the result when the attr0 parameter of the ctx0 namespace is configured through the specified package.
```
SQL> SELECT SYS_CONTEXT('ctx0', 'attr0') "ATTR0"
     FROM DUAL;

ATTR0
-----
 val0

1 row selected.
```

USERENV parameters

Parameter	Description
CLIENT_IDENTIFIER	Returns the client identifier defined in the DBMS_SESSION.SET_IDENTIFIER procedure.
CURRENT_SCHEMA	Returns the name of the currently active schema. This value can be changed by the ALTER SESSION SET CURRENT_SCHEMA statement.
CURRENT_SCHEMAID	Returns the identification number of the currently active schema.
CURRENT_SQL	Returns the currently executed SQL statement.
DB_NAME	Returns the database name defined in the DB_NAME initialization parameter.
HOST	Returns the name of the device in which the client is running.
INSTANCE_NAME	Returns the current instance name.
INSTANCE	Returns the current instance identification number.
IP_ADDR[ESS]	Returns the client IP address.
LANG	Returns the abbreviation of the 'LANGUAGE' parameter.
LANGUAGE	Returns the database character set name.
MODULE	Returns the module name defined by the DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO.SET_MODULE procedure.
NETWORK_PROTOCOL	Returns the network protocol name for two-way communication.
OS_USER	Returns the OS user name of the client process.
SCHEMA	Returns the access schema name of the client.
SCHEMAID	Returns the access user identification number.
SERVER_ADDRESS	Returns the IP address of the device in which the current instance is running.
SERVER_HOST	Returns the name of the device in which the current instance is running.
SESSION_USER	Returns the access user name of the client.
SESSIONID	Returns the session monitoring identification number.
TERMINAL	Returns the OS identifier of the client.
TID	Returns the identification number of the current session.

4.2.146. SYS_EXTRACT_UTC

SYS_EXTRACT_UTC converts a datetime value that includes time zone information to UTC (Coordinated Universal Time).

A detailed description of the SYS_EXTRACT_UTC function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
datetime_with_timezone An expression that returns a datetime value that includes time zone information.

Example

The following example shows how to use the SYS_EXTRACT_UTC function.

SQL> SELECT SYS_EXTRACT_UTC(TIMESTAMP '1994/07/23 21:13:08 -8:00') FROM DUAL;

SYS_EXTRACT_UTC(TIMESTAMP'1994/07/2321:13:08-8:00')
---------------------------------------------------
1994/07/24 05:13:08.000000

1 row selected.

4.2.147. SYS_GUID

SYS_GUID returns a globally unique value. The return value is a 16-byte RAW type that consists of a thread number, a host name, a connection time, and a sequence number.

A detailed description of the SYS_GUID function is as follows:

Syntax

Example

The following example shows how to use the SYS_GUID function.

SQL> SELECT SYS_GUID() "SYS_GUID" FROM DUAL;

SYS_GUID
--------------------------------
120000000080087893B1484201000000

1 row selected.

4.2.148. SYSDATE

SYSDATE returns the current date and time as a DATE. This function takes no arguments and does not use parentheses.

A detailed description of the SYSDATE function is as follows:

Syntax

Example

The following example shows how to use the SYSDATE function.

SQL> SELECT SYSDATE FROM DUAL;

SYSDATE
----------
2009-12-03

1 row selected.

4.2.149. SYSTIME

SYSTIME returns the current time as a TIME. This function takes no arguments and does not use parentheses.

A detailed description of the SYSTIME function is as follows:

Syntax

Example

The following example shows how to use the SYSTIME function.

SQL> SELECT SYSTIME FROM DUAL;

SYSTIME
---------------
13:42:05.455775

1 row selected.

4.2.150. SYSTIMESTAMP

SYSTIMESTAMP returns the current date and time as a TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE. This function takes no arguments and does not use parentheses.

A detailed description of the SYSTIMESTAMP function is as follows:

Syntax

Example

The following example shows how to use the SYSTIMESTAMP function.

SQL> SELECT SYSTIMESTAMP FROM DUAL;

SYSTIMESTAMP
-----------------------------------------
2009/12/03 13:42:45.816763 Asia/Seoul

1 row selected.

4.2.151. TAN

TAN computes the tangent of num.

A detailed description of the TAN function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
num	An expression that returns a real number, in radians. Should be a NUMBER or a compatible type. The return type is NUMBER. If num is a BINARY FLOAT, it returns a BINARY DOUBLE. Otherwise, it returns the same type as num.

Example

The following example shows how to use the TAN function.

SQL> SELECT TAN(3.141592654 * 45.0 / 180.0) FROM DUAL;

TAN(3.141592654*45.0/180.0)
---------------------------
                          1

1 row selected.

4.2.152. TANH

TANH computes the hyperbolic tangent of num.

A detailed description of the TANH function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
num	An expression that returns a real number, in radians. Should be a NUMBER or a compatible type. The return type is NUMBER. If num is a BINARY FLOAT, it returns a BINARY DOUBLE. Otherwise, it returns the same type as num.

Example

The following example shows how to use the TANH function.

SQL> SELECT TANH(1) FROM DUAL;

   TANH(1)
----------
.761594156

1 row selected.

4.2.153. TIMESTAMP_TO_TSN

TIMESTAMP_TO_TSN returns a TSN value closest to the given time value.

A detailed description of the TIMESTAMP_TO_TSN function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
timestamp Expression that returns a time value.

Example

The following example shows how to use the TIMESTAMP_TO_TSN function.

SQL> SELECT TIMESTAMP_TO_TSN(SYSTIMESTAMP) FROM DUAL;

TIMESTAMP_TO_TSN(SYSTIMESTAMP)
------------------------------
                        382716

1 row selected.

4.2.154. TO_BINARY_DOUBLE

TO_BINARY_DOUBLE converts expr to a BINARY_DOUBLE according to the specified format.

A detailed description of the TO_BINARY_DOUBLE function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

expr

Expression that returns a string or number.

Supports the following special strings. It is not case-sensitive.

'INF' is converted to positive infinity.
'-INF' is converted to negative infinity.
'NaN' is converted to NaN (Not A Number).

Floating-point number format elements (f, F, d, D) cannot be used.

format

NUMBER type string.

If this is not specified, expr is converted into the default format.

Format is applicable when expr is a string.

Example

The following example shows how to use the TO_BINARY_DOUBLE function.

SQL> SELECT TO_BINARY_DOUBLE(3.141592), TO_BINARY_DOUBLE('+inf') FROM DUAL;

TO_BINARY_DOUBLE(3.141592) TO_BINARY_DOUBLE('+INF')
-------------------------- ------------------------
                3.142E+000                      Inf

1 row selected.

4.2.155. TO_BINARY_FLOAT

TO_BINARY_FLOAT converts expr to a BINARY_FLOAT according to the specified format.

A detailed description of the TO_BINARY_FLOAT function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

expr

Expression that returns a string or number.

Supports the following special strings. It is not case-sensitive.

'INF' is converted to positive infinity.
'-INF' is converted to negative infinity.
'NaN' is converted to NaN (Not A Number).

Floating-point number format elements (f, F, d, D) cannot be used.

format

NUMBER type string.

If this is not specified, expr is converted into the default format.

Format is applicable when expr is a string.

Example

The following example shows how to use the TO_BINARY_FLOAT function.

SQL> SELECT TO_BINARY_FLOAT(3.141592), TO_BINARY_FLOAT('-inf') FROM DUAL;

TO_BINARY_FLOAT(3.141592) TO_BINARY_FLOAT('-INF')
------------------------- -----------------------
               3.142E+000                    -Inf

1 row selected.

4.2.156. TO_BLOB

TO_BLOB converts given RAW data to BLOB data.

A detailed description of the TO_BLOB function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
raw_value Expression that returns RAW data.

Example

The following example shows how to use the TO_BLOB function.

SQL> SELECT TO_BLOB('123') FROM DUAL;

TO_BLOB('123')
-----------------
0123

1 row selected.

4.2.157. TO_CHAR(character)

TO_CHAR(character) converts clob to a string that uses the database character set.

A detailed description of the TO_CHAR(character) function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
clob A CLOB to be converted to a string.
Example

The following example shows how to use the TO_CHAR(character) function.
```
SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(contents) FROM BOOK;
```

4.2.158. TO_CHAR(datetime)

TO_CHAR(datetime) converts date to a string based on the format string format.

A detailed description of the TO_CHAR(datetime) function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

date

An expression that returns a datetime type value.

format

A datetime type format string.

If this is not specified, date will be converted to a string using the default format.

For detailed information on datetime format strings, see “2.4.2. Datetime Types”.

Example

The following example shows how to use the TO_CHAR(datetime) function.

SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE) FROM DUAL;

TO_CHAR(SYSDATE)
--------------------------------
2006/12/06

1 row selected.

SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'DD/MM/YY DY') FROM DUAL;

TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DD/MM/YYDY')
-----------------------------
06/12/06 WED

1 row selected.

4.2.159. TO_CHAR(number)

TO_CHAR(number) converts a NUMBER num to a string based on the format format.

A detailed description of the TO_CHAR(number) function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

num

An expression that returns a NUMBER.

format

A NUMBER format string.

If this is not specified, all valid numbers in num will be converted to a string using the default format.

For detailed information on NUMBER format strings, see “2.4.1. NUMBER Types”.

Example

The following example shows how to use the TO_CHAR(number) function.

SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(MIN(SALARY)) FROM EMP;

TO_CHAR(MIN(SALARY))
--------------------
3000

1 row selected.

SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(MIN(SALARY), '$99,999,99') FROM EMP;

TO_CHAR(MIN(SAL),'$99,999,99')
------------------------------
     $30,00

1 row selected.

4.2.160. TO_CLOB

TO_CLOB converts lob_column or char to a CLOB.

A detailed description of the TO_CLOB function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
lob_column A CHAR, VARCHAR, or CLOB column.
char An expression that returns a string.

Example

The following example shows how to use the TO_CLOB function.

SQL> SELECT TO_CLOB('tibero') FROM DUAL;

TO_CLOB('TIBERO')
-----------------
tibero

1 row selected.

4.2.161. TO_DATE

TO_DATE converts str to a DATE based on the format format.

A detailed description of the TO_DATE function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

str

An expression that returns a string.

format

A datetime type format string.

If this is not specified, str will be converted using the default format.

Example

The following example shows how to use the TO_DATE function.

SQL> SELECT TO_DATE('25/12/2004', 'DD/MM/YYYY') FROM DUAL;

TO_DATE('25/12/2004','DD/MM/YYYY')                               
----------------------------------
2004/12/25

1 row selected.

4.2.162. TO_DSINTERVAL

TO_DSINTERVAL converts a CHAR, VARCHAR2, NCHAR, or NVARCHAR2, char, to an INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND.

A detailed description of the TO_DSINTERVAL function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
days An integer between 0 and 999,999,999.
hours An integer between 0 and 23
minutes, seconds An integer between 0 and 59.
frac_secs An integer between 0 and 999,999,999.

Example

The following example computers the date 50 days prior to March 20, 2008 using the TO_DSINTERVAL function.

SQL> SELECT DATE '2008-03-20' - TO_DSINTERVAL('50 00:00:00') 
     BEFORE FROM DUAL;
 
BEFORE                                                           
----------------------
2008-01-30

1 row selected.

4.2.163. TO_LOB

TO_LOB converts a LONG or LONG RAW column long_column to a CLOB or BLOB, respectively. Only a LONG or LONG RAW type column can be a parameter. It can only be used in a subquery of an INSERT statement or a subquery of an UPDATE statement that updates the column value.

A detailed description of the TO_LOB function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
long_column A LONG OR LONG_RAW column.

Example

The following example shows how to use the TO_LOB function.

SQL> CREATE TABLE LONG_TABLE (ID NUMBER, LONG_COL LONG);

Table 'LONG_TABLE' created.

SQL> INSERT INTO LONG_TABLE VALUES (1, 'first');

1 row inserted.

SQL> CREATE TABLE CLOB_TABLE AS 
   2 SELECT ID, TO_LOB(LONG_COL) CLOB_COL FROM LONG_TABLE;

Table 'CLOB_TABLE' created.

SQL> SELECT * FROM CLOB_TABLE;

        ID CLOB_COL
---------- ----------
         1 first

1 row selected.

SQL> INSERT INTO LONG_TABLE VALUES (2, 'second');

1 row inserted.

SQL> INSERT INTO LONG_TABLE VALUES (3, 'third');

1 row inserted.

SQL> INSERT INTO CLOB_TABLE 
   2 SELECT ID, TO_LOB(LONG_COL) FROM LONG_TABLE WHERE ID = 2;

1 row inserted.

SQL> SELECT * FROM CLOB_TABLE;

        ID CLOB_COL
---------- ----------
         1 first
         2 second

2 rows selected.

SQL> UPDATE CLOB_TABLE
   2 SET CLOB_COL = (SELECT TO_LOB(LONG_COL) FROM LONG_TABLE WHERE ID = 3)
   3 WHERE ID = 2;

1 row updated.

SQL> SELECT * FROM CLOB_TABLE;

        ID CLOB_COL
---------- ----------
         1 first
         2 third

2 rows selected.

4.2.164. TO_MULTI_BYTE

TO_MULTI_BYTE converts str to multibyte characters. The argument can be a VARCHAR, CHAR, NCHAR, or NVARCHAR. The return value type is the same as the argument type.

A detailed description of the TO_MULTI_BYTE function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
str A value to be converted to multibyte characters.

Example

The following example shows how to use the TO_MULTI_BYTE function.

SQL> SELECT DUMP(TO_MULTI_BYTE('A')) "TO_MULTI_BYTE" FROM DUAL;

TO_MULTI_BYTE
--------------
Len=2: 163,193

1 row selected.

4.2.165. TO_NCHAR

TO_NCHAR converts str to a value of the national character set. The argument can be a CHAR, VARCHAR, CLOB, or NCLOB.

A detailed description of the TO_NCHAR function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
str A value to be converted to the national character set.

Example

The following example shows how to use the TO_NCHAR function.

SQL> SELECT TO_NCHAR(LAST_NAME) "LAST_NAME" FROM EMP WHERE EMP_ID = 5;

LAST_NAME
---------
    Braun

1 row selected.

4.2.166. TO_NUMBER

TO_NUMBER converts str to a NUMBER based on the format format.

A detailed description of the TO_NUMBER function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

str

An expression that returns a string.

format

A NUMBER format string.

If this is not specified, str is converted using the default format.

NLS_NUMERIC_ CHARACTERS

Characters used as a delimiter or decimal point.

Example

The following example shows how to use the TO_NUMBER function.

SQL> SELECT TO_NUMBER('1,111.11','9G999D99',
                       ' NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTERS=".," ') NUM FROM DUAL;

       NUM
----------
   1111.11

1 row selected.

4.2.167. TO_SINGLE_BYTE

TO_SINGLE_BYTE converts str to single-byte characters. The argument can be a VARCHAR, CHAR, NCHAR, or NVARCHAR. The return value type is the same as the argument type.

A detailed description of the TO_SINGLE_BYTE function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
str A value to be converted to single-byte characters.

Example

The following example shows how to use the TO_SINGLE_BYTE function.

SQL> SELECT DUMP(TO_SINGLE_BYTE(TO_MULTI_BYTE('A'))) "TO_SINGLE_BYTE" FROM DUAL;

TO_SINGLE_BYTE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Len=1: 65

1 row selected.

4.2.168. TO_TIME

TO_TIME converts str to a TIME based on the format string format.

A detailed description of the TO_TIME function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
str An expression that returns a string.
format
A datetime format string.
If this is not specified, str will be converted using the default format.

Example

The following example shows how to use the TO_TIME function.

SQL> SELECT TO_TIME ('12:07:15.50', 'HH24:MI:SS.FF') FROM DUAL;

TO_TIME('12:07:15.50','HH24:MI:SS.FF')
--------------------------------------
12:07:15.500000000

1 row selected.

4.2.169. TO_TIMESTAMP

TO_TIMESTAMP converts str to a TIMESTAMP based on the format string format.

A detailed description of the TO_TIMESTAMP function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

str

An expression that returns a string.

format

A datetime format string.

If this is not specified, str will be converted using the default format.

Example

The following example shows how to use the TO_TIMESTAMP function.

SQL> SELECT TO_TIMESTAMP('2009/05/21 12:07:15.50','yyyy-mm-dd HH24:MI:SS.FF')
     FROM DUAL;

TO_TIMESTAMP('2009/05/2112:07:15.50','YYYY-MM-DDHH24:MI:SS.FF')  
-----------------------------------------------------------------
2009/05/21 12:07:15.500000

1 row selected.

4.2.170. TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ

TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ converts str to the TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE type according to the specified format.

A detailed description of the TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

str

An expression that returns a string.

If the string does not include time zone information, the default time zone of the session will be used.

format

A datetime format string.

If this is not specified, str will be converted using the default format.

Example

The following example shows how to use the TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ function.

SQL> SELECT TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ('1998/09/27 22:05:21.089','YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS.FF')
     FROM DUAL;

TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ('1998/09/2722:05:21.089','YYYY-MM-DDHH24:MI:SS.FF')  
------------------------------------------------------------------
1998/09/27 22:05:21.089000 Asia/Seoul

1 row selected.

SQL> SELECT TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ('2015-10-3 2:17:09.0 +03:00', 
     'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS.FF TZH:TZM') FROM DUAL;

TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ('2015-10-32:17:09.0+03:00','YYYY-MM-DDHH24:MI:SS.FFTZH:TZM')
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2015/10/03 02:17:09.000000 +03:00

1 row selected.

4.2.171. TO_YMINTERVAL

TO_YMINTERVAL converts a string in the CHAR, VARCHAR2, NCHAR, or NVARCHAR2 type to the INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH type.

A detailed description of the TO_YMINTERVAL function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
years
An integer between 0 and 999,999,999.
months
An integer between 0 and 11.

Example

The following example illustrates how to use TO_YMINTERVAL to find the date 2 years and 7 months after March 20, 2008.

SQL> SELECT DATE '2008-03-20' + TO_YMINTERVAL('2-7') 
     AFTER FROM DUAL;
 
AFTER                                                        
----------------------
2010-10-20

1 row selected.

4.2.172. TRANSLATE

TRANSLATE returns a string where each character in from_str has been replaced with the corresponding character in str.

A detailed description of the TRANSLATE function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

str

An expression that returns a string.

from_str

An expression that returns a string.

When from_str is longer than to_str, some characters in from_str have no corresponding characters in to_str. In this case, the characters are removed from str.

to_str

An expression that returns a string.

Example

The following example shows how to use the TRANSLATE function.

SQL> SELECT TRANSLATE('ABCXYDEFZ', 'ABCDE', '12345') FROM DUAL;

TRANSLATE('ABCXYDEFZ','ABCDE','12345')
--------------------------------------
123XY45FZ

1 row selected.

SQL> SELECT TRANSLATE('ABCXYDEFZ', 'ABCDE', '123') FROM DUAL;

TRANSLATE('ABCXYDEFZ','ABCDE','123')
------------------------------------
123XYFZ

1 row selected.

4.2.173. TRIM

TRIM removes all occurrences of trim_character from the beginning and the end of str.

A detailed description of the TRIM function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
str	An expression that returns a string.
LEADING	If LEADING is specified before trim_character, trim_character is only removed from the beginning of str.
TRAILING	If TRAILING is specified before trim_character, trim_character is only removed from the end of str.
BOTH	If BOTH or nothing is specified before trim_character, trim_character is removed from the beginning and end of str.
trim_character	A single-length character. If this is not specified, blank spaces are removed.

Example

The following example shows how to use the TRIM function.

SQL> SELECT TRIM(' ABCDE '), LENGTH(TRIM(' ABCDE ')) FROM DUAL;

TRIM('ABCDE') LENGTH(TRIM('ABCDE'))
------------- ---------------------
ABCDE                             5

1 row selected.

SQL> SELECT TRIM(LEADING 'X' FROM 'XXYXABCDEXYXX') FROM DUAL;

TRIM(LEADING'X'FROM'XXYXABCDEXYXX')
-----------------------------------
YXABCDEXYXX

1 row selected.

SQL> SELECT TRIM(TRAILING 'X' FROM 'XXYXABCDEXYXX') FROM DUAL;

TRIM(TRAILING'X'FROM'XXYXABCDEXYXX')
------------------------------------
XXYXABCDEXY

1 row selected.

SQL> SELECT TRIM('X' FROM 'XXYXABCDEXYXX') FROM DUAL;

TRIM('X'FROM'XXYXABCDEXYXX')
----------------------------
YXABCDEXYs

1 row selected.

4.2.174. TRUNC(number)

TRUNC(number) returns num1 truncated to num2 decimal places.

A detailed description of the TRUNC(number) function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

num1, num2

An expression that returns an integer value.

Num1 and num2 must be a numeric type or one that can be converted into a numeric type.

Num2 must be a positive number. If num2 is not specified or is 0, num1 is truncated to 0 decimal places.

If num2 is negative, num1 is truncated to num2 digits to the left of the decimal point.

Example

The following example shows how to use the TRUNC(number) function.

SQL> SELECT TRUNC(345.678), TRUNC(345.678, 2), TRUNC(345.678, -1) 
     FROM DUAL;

TRUNC(345.678) TRUNC(345.678,2) TRUNC(345.678,-1)
-------------- ---------------- -----------------
           345           345.67               340

1 row selected.

4.2.175. TRUNC(date)

TRUNC(date) returns date truncated based on the format string format.

Note

The format string that can be specified in format of the TRUNC(date) function is the same as that of the ROUND(date) function.

A detailed description of the TRUNC(date) function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

date

An expression that returns a date.

format

A format string that specifies the unit of truncation.

If this is not specified, date is truncated to the nearest date using the "DD" type string. "YEAR", "MONTH", "DAY" and other formats can be used.

Example

The following example shows how to use the TRUNC(date) function.

SQL> SELECT TRUNC(TO_DATE('2005/06/22', 'YYYY/MM/DD'), 'YEAR') 
     FROM DUAL;

TRUNC(TO_DATE('2005/06/22','YYYY/MM/DD'),'YEAR')                 
-----------------------------------------------------------------
2005-01-01

1 row selected.

SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(TRUNC(TO_DATE(
       '1998/6/20', 'YYYY/MM/DD'), 'CC'), 'YYYY/MM/DD') 
     FROM DUAL;

TO_CHAR(TRUNC(TO_DATE('1998/6/20','YYYY/MM/DD'),'CC'),'YYYY/MM/DD')
-------------------------------------------------------------------
1901/01/01

1 row selected.

SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(TRUNC(TO_DATE('-3741/01/02', 'SYYYY/MM/DD'), 'CC'),
       'SYYYY/MM/DD') 
     FROM DUAL;

TO_CHAR(TRUNC(TO_DATE('-3741/01/02','SYYYY/MM/DD'),'CC'),'SYYYY/MM/DD')
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-3800/01/01

1 row selected.

SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(TRUNC(TO_DATE(
       '2005/01/26 12:30:14', 'YYYY/MM/DD HH24:MI:SS'), 'DY'), 'YYYY/MM/DD') 
     FROM DUAL;

TO_CHAR(TRUNC(TO_DATE('2005/01/2612:30:14','YYYY/MM/DDHH24:MI:SS'),'DY'),'YYYY/M
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2005/01/23

1 row selected.

SQL> SELECT TRUNC(TO_DATE(
       '2005/01/26 12:30:14', 'YYYY/MM/DD HH24:MI:SS')) 
     FROM DUAL;

TRUNC(TO_DATE('2005/01/2612:30:14','YYYY/MM/DDHH24:MI:SS'))      
-----------------------------------------------------------------
2005-01-26

1 row selected.

4.2.176. TSN_TO_TIMESTAMP

TSN_TO_TIMESTAMP returns a time value closest to the specified TSN.

A detailed description of the TSN_TO_TIMESTAMP function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
num Expression that returns a number.

Example

The following example shows how to use the TSN_TO_TIMESTAMP function.

SQL> SELECT TSN_TO_TIMESTAMP(527720) FROM DUAL;

TSN_TO_TIMESTAMP(527720)
-----------------------------------------------------------------
2014/11/27 09:34:01.708203000

1 row selected.

4.2.177. TZ_OFFSET

TZ_OFFSET returns the time zone offset type value corresponding to an argument.

A detailed description of the TZ_OFFSET function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
timezone_name	A string that represents a time zone region name.
[+\|-]hh:mi	A string that represents a time zone offset value.
SESSIONTIMEZONE	A string that represents the time zone value of the current session.

Example

The following example shows how to use the TZ_OFFSET function.

SQL> SELECT TZ_OFFSET('-5:00') FROM DUAL;

TZ_OFFSET('-5:00')
------------------------------
-05:00

1 row selected.

4.2.178. TZ_SHIFT

TZ_SHIFT converts the given time zone to the specified time zone.

A detailed description of the TZ_SHIFT function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
expr	An expression that returns the time value, including the time zone information.
timezone_name	A string that returns the time zone name.
[+\|-]hh:mi	A string that returns the time zone offset value.
SESSIONTIMEZONE	A function that returns the time zone of the current session.

Example

The following example illustrates how to use the TZ_SHIFT function.

SQL> SELECT TZ_SHIFT(FROM_TZ(TIMESTAMP '2002-09-08 21:00:00', 
       '00:00'), '+09:00') SEOUL FROM DUAL;

SEOUL
---------------------------------
2002/09/09 06:00:00.000000 +09:00

1 row selected.

4.2.179. UID

UID returns the ID of the user who created the current session. The user ID is the only integer that identifies the user in Tibero. This function takes no parameters and does not use parentheses.

A detailed description of the UID function is as follows:

Syntax

Example

The following example shows how to use the UID function.

SQL> SELECT UID FROM DUAL;

       UID
----------
      7171

1 row selected.

4.2.180. UNISTR

UNISTR takes a UNICODE string and returns a string encoded with an international character set. The UNICODE string has the form "\xxxx" where xxxx is the hexadecimal value of a character in the UCS-2 encoding format.

A detailed description of the UNISTR function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
expr An expression that returns a string.

Example

The following example shows how to use the UNISTR function.

SQL> SELECT UNISTR('\00E5\00F1\00F6') FROM DUAL;

UNISTR('\00E5\00F1\00F6')
-------------------------


1 row selected.

4.2.181. UPDATEXML

UPDATEXML takes an XPath expression and an XMLType instance pair as an argument and returns the updated XMLType instance. Each xpath_string in the XMLType instance is replaced by a value in value_expr. Actual XML column values are not changed, and the changed XMLType instance is returned. If there is no node corresponding to xpath_string, the original XMLType instance is returned.

A detailed description of the UPDATEXML function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
xmltype_instance	An XMLType instance.
xpath_string	Child nodes of the location to be updated by the Xpath expression are updated.
value_expr	New values of child nodes to be updated.
namespace_string	Provides namespace information for xpath_string. It must be a VARCHAR.

Example

The following example shows how to use the UPDATEXML function.

SQL> SELECT warehouse_name,
   EXTRACT(warehouse_spec, '/Warehouse/Docks') "Number of Docks"
   FROM warehouses WHERE warehouse_name = 'San Francisco';

WAREHOUSE_NAME       Number of Docks
-------------------- --------------------
San Francisco        <Docks>1</Docks>

SQL> UPDATE warehouses SET warehouse_spec =
   UPDATEXML(warehouse_spec, '/Warehouse/Docks/text()',4)
   WHERE warehouse_name = 'San Francisco';

1 row updated.

SQL>SELECT warehouse_name,
   EXTRACT(warehouse_spec, '/Warehouse/Docks') "Number of Docks"
   FROM warehouses WHERE warehouse_name = 'San Francisco';

WAREHOUSE_NAME       Number of Docks
-------------------- --------------------
San Francisco        <Docks>4</Docks>

4.2.182. UPPER

UPPER returns str with all letters in uppercase.

A detailed description of the UPPER function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
str An expression that returns a string.

Example

The following example shows how to use the UPPER function.

SQL> SELECT UPPER('ABCdefg123') FROM DUAL;

UPPER('ABCDEFG123')
-------------------
ABCDEFG123

1 row selected.

4.2.183. USER

USER returns the name of the user who created the current session. This function takes no parameters and does not use parentheses.

Syntax

Example

The following example shows how to use the USER function.

SQL> SELECT USER FROM DUAL;

USER
------------------------------
JOE

1 row selected.

4.2.184. USERENV

USERENV shows information about the current session. This function currently only shows the thread ID of the current session.

Note

For more information about the parameters provided by the USERENV function, refer to “4.2.145. SYS_CONTEXT”.

A detailed description of the USERENV function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
str An expression that returns a string.

Example

The following example shows how to use the USERENV function.

SQL> SELECT USERENV('TID') FROM DUAL;

USERENV('TID')
----------------------------------------------------------------
7

1 row selected.

4.2.185. VAR_POP

VAR_POP returns the population variance of expr. This function ignores NULL values and returns a numeric or converted numeric data type of a given parameter. If this function is applied to an empty set, it returns NULL.

The population variance is calculated with the following formula:

(SUM(expr²) - SUM(expr)² / COUNT(expr)) / COUNT(expr)

A detailed description of the VAR_POP function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

expr

An expression that returns a numeric data type or a compatible type.

analytic_clause

This function can be used as an analytic function using "OVER analytic_clause".

For detailed information, see analytic_clause in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.

Example

The following example shows how to use the VAR_POP function.

SQL> SELECT VAR_POP(AGE) FROM EMP_AGE;
 
VAR_POP(AGE)
------------
        8.29
 
1 row selected.

Example (Analytic Function)

The following example shows how to use the VAR_POP function as an analytic function.

SQL> SELECT DEPTNO, EMPNO, VAR_POP(SAL)
       OVER (PARTITION BY DEPTNO) AS VAR_POP
     FROM EMP;

    DEPTNO      EMPNO    VAR_POP
---------- ---------- ----------
        10       7934 2390555.56
        10       7839 2390555.56
        10       7782 2390555.56
        20       7566    1009500
        20       7788    1009500
        20       7876    1009500
        20       7902    1009500
        20       7369    1009500
        30       7654 372222.222
        30       7698 372222.222
        30       7521 372222.222
        30       7499 372222.222
        30       7844 372222.222
        30       7900 372222.222

14 rows selected.

4.2.186. VAR_SAMP

VAR_SAMP returns the sample variance of expr. This function ignores NULL values and returns a numeric or converted numeric data type of a given parameter. If this function is applied to an empty set, it returns NULL.

The sample variance is calculated with the following formula:

(SUM(expr²) - SUM(expr)² / COUNT(expr)) / (COUNT(expr) - 1)

A detailed description of the VAR_SAMP function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

expr

An expression that returns a numeric data type or a compatible type.

analytic_clause

This function can be used as an analytic function using "OVER analytic_clause".

For detailed information, see analytic_clause in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.

Example

The following example shows how to use the VAR_SAMP function.

SQL> SELECT VAR_SAMP(AGE) FROM EMP_AGE;
 
VAR_SAMP(AGE)
-------------
9.21111111111
 
1 row selected.

Example (Analytic Function)

The following example shows how to use the VAR_SAMP function as an analytic function.

SQL> SELECT DEPTNO, EMPNO, VAR_SAMP(SAL)
       OVER (PARTITION BY DEPTNO) AS VAR_SAMP
     FROM EMP;

    DEPTNO      EMPNO   VAR_SAMP
---------- ---------- ----------
        10       7934 3585833.33
        10       7839 3585833.33
        10       7782 3585833.33
        20       7566    1261875
        20       7788    1261875
        20       7876    1261875
        20       7902    1261875
        20       7369    1261875
        30       7654 446666.667
        30       7698 446666.667
        30       7521 446666.667
        30       7499 446666.667
        30       7844 446666.667
        30       7900 446666.667

14 rows selected.

4.2.187. VARIANCE

VARIANCE returns the variance of expr. This function can be used as an analytic function. It returns a numeric or converted numeric data type of a given parameter. If this function is applied to an empty set, it returns NULL.

In Tibero, the variance is computed as follows:

If the number of rows of expr is 1, 0 is returned.
If the number of rows of expr is greater than 1, the return value of the VAR_SAMP function is returned.

A detailed description of the VARIANCE function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

expr

An expression that returns a numeric data type or a compatible type.

analytic_clause

This function can be used as an analytic function using "OVER analytic_clause".

For detailed information, see analytic_clause in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.

Example

The following example shows how to use the VARIANCE function.

SQL> SELECT VARIANCE(AGE) FROM EMP_AGE;
 
VARIANCE(AGE)
-------------
9.21111111111
 
1 row selected.

Example (Analytic Function)

The following example shows how to use the VARIANCE function as an analytic function.

SQL> SELECT DEPTNO, EMPNO, VARIANCE(SAL)
       OVER (PARTITION BY DEPTNO) AS VARIANCE
     FROM EMP;

    DEPTNO      EMPNO    VARIANCE
---------- ---------- -----------
        10       7934 3585833.333
        10       7839 3585833.333
        10       7782 3585833.333
        20       7566     1261875
        20       7788     1261875
        20       7876     1261875
        20       7902     1261875
        20       7369     1261875
        30       7654 446666.6667
        30       7698 446666.6667
        30       7521 446666.6667
        30       7499 446666.6667
        30       7844 446666.6667
        30       7900 446666.6667

14 rows selected.

4.2.188. VSIZE

VSIZE returns the number of bytes used internally to represent expr.

A detailed description of the VSIZE function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
expr
An expression.
If this is NULL, this function returns NULL.

Example

The following example shows how to use the VSIZE function.

SQL> SELECT VSIZE(SYSDATE) FROM DUAL;

VSIZE(SYSDATE)
--------------
             8

1 row selected.

4.2.189. XMLAGG

XMLAGG is an aggregate function that aggregates XML fragments and returns an XML document. Any arguments that return NULL are excluded from the result.

A detailed description of the XMLAGG function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

xml_expr

An expression that returns an XML statement.

order_by_clause

Specifies how to sort rows in a single partition.

For detailed information, see order_by_clause in “4.1.3. Analytic Functions”.

Example

The following example shows how to use the XMLAGG function.

SQL> SELECT XMLELEMENT("EMPLOYEE",
            XMLAGG(XMLELEMENT("NAME",NAME)),
            XMLELEMENT("AGE",AGE)) AS "EMPLOYEE"
     FROM EMP_AGE
     GROUP BY AGE;
 
EMPLOYEE
---------------------------------------------------------------------
<EMPLOYEE><NAME>Jim Clark</NAME><NAME>John Ronaldo</NAME><NAME>Choi S
efo</NAME><NAME>Titicaca Eboue</NAME><AGE>27</AGE></EMPLOYEE>
<EMPLOYEE><NAME>Mirko Fedor</NAME><NAME>Doug Bush</NAME><AGE>28</AGE>
</EMPLOYEE>
<EMPLOYEE><NAME>Razor Ramon</NAME><AGE>34</AGE></EMPLOYEE>
<EMPLOYEE><NAME>Mike Thai</NAME><NAME>Ryu Hayabusa</NAME><NAME>Sebast
ian Panucci</NAME><AGE>31</AGE></EMPLOYEE>
 
4 rows selected.

4.2.190. XMLCAST

XMLCAST converts the type of expr to the SQL data type specified by typename.

A detailed description of the XMLCAST function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
expr An expression that returns an XML string.
typename Specifies an SQL data type to be returned.

Example

The following example shows how to use the XMLCAST function.

SQL> SELECT XMLCAST(
              XMLQUERY('/BOOK' PASSING C1 
              RETURNING CONTENT) AS VARCHAR(100)) CAST_VALUE 
     FROM XMLTBL;

CAST_VALUE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Introduction to TIBERO

Tibero team


1 row selected.

4.2.191. XMLCDATA

XMLCDATA generates an XML CDATA section. The result is used as the body of the generated XML CDATA section, <![CDATA[string]]>. This function is not supported in Solaris.

A detailed description of the XMLCDATA function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
expr
String of the XML CDATA section.
If expr is null, the function returns null.

Example

The following example shows how to use the XMLCDATA function.

SQL> SELECT XMLCDATA('Tibero') AS "XMLCDATA" FROM DUAL;
 
XMLCDATA
----------------------------------------------------------------------
<!CDATA[Tibero]]>

1 row selected.

4.2.192. XMLCOLATTVAL

XMLCOLATTVAL converts each parameter into an XML node with a name of "column" and an attribute of "name" and then expands the resulting XML.

A detailed description of the XMLCOLATTVAL function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

expr

If expr is a column, the AS clause can be omitted. Tibero uses the column name as the name of the node attribute.

If expr is NULL, no attribute is generated for the expression.

alias, EVALNAME expr

Specifies an alias of expr using the AS clause.

The alias or expr must be a string with a maximum length of 4,000 characters.

Example

The following example shows how to use the XMLCOLATTVAL function.

SQL> SELECT XMLCOLATTVAL(LOC) AS "Locations" FROM DEPT;
 
Locations
----------------------------------------------------------------------
<column name="LOC">NEW YORK</column>
<column name="LOC">DALLAS</column>

2 rows selected.

4.2.193. XMLCOMMENT

XMLCOMMENT generates an XML comment using the result of expr and returns an XML type value in the format of "".

A detailed description of the XMLCOMMENT function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
expr
A string that becomes the contents of an XML comment.
If this is NULL, the function returns NULL.

Example

The following example shows how to use the XMLCOMMENT function.

SQL> SELECT XMLCOMMENT('Tibero') AS "XMLCOMMENT" FROM DUAL;
 
XMLCOMMENT
----------------------------------------------------------------------
<!--Tibero-->

1 row selected.

4.2.194. XMLCONCAT

XMLCONCAT concatenates and then returns each XMLType expr. If an occurrence of expr is NULL, it is ignored. If all occurrences of expr are NULL, NULL is returned.

A detailed description of the XMLCONCAT function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
expr An expression that returns an XMLType instance.

Example

The following example shows how to use the XMLCONCAT function.

SQL> SELECT XMLCONCAT(XMLTYPE('<Tibero>TIBERO</Tibero>'), 
     XMLTYPE('<Tibero></Tibero>')) AS "XMLCONCAT" FROM DUAL;
 
XMLCONCAT
--------------------------------------------------------------
<Tibero>TIBERO</Tibero><Tibero></Tibero>

1 row selected.

4.2.195. XMLELEMENT

XMLELEMENT takes an element name, an optional attribute set, and the contents of the element. In general, this function is nested to create a nested XML document.

A detailed description of the XMLELEMENT function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

xmlelement

Component

Description

identifier

Must be specified because this value is used as an enclosing tag for XML.

Can be up to 4,000 characters and does not have to be a column name or column reference. It cannot be an expression or NULL.

The object in the element contents must be specified after the XMLATTRIBUTES reserved word.

xml_attributes_clause

Syntax for representing an attribute of XML.

expr

An expression that consists of element contents.

xml_attributes_clause

Component

Description

expr

If this is a column, "AS" can be omitted. Tibero uses a column name as an element name.

If this is NULL, no element is created for that value expression.

The value expression is the expr for XMLELEMENT.

alias

The size of alias can be up to 4,000 characters when an alias for expr is specified with an AS clause.

Example

The following example shows how to use the XMLELEMENT function.

SQL> SELECT XMLELEMENT("DEPT", 
            XMLELEMENT("DNAME",DNAME),
            XMLELEMENT("LOCATION",LOC)) AS "DEPT"
     FROM DEPT;
 
DEPT
---------------------------------------------------------------------
<DEPT><DNAME>ACCOUNTING</DNAME><LOCATION>NEW YORK</LOCATION></DEPT>
<DEPT><DNAME>RESEARCH</DNAME><LOCATION>DALLAS</LOCATION></DEPT>
<DEPT><DNAME>SALES</DNAME><LOCATION>CHICAGO</LOCATION></DEPT>
<DEPT><DNAME>OPERATIONS</DNAME><LOCATION>BOSTON</LOCATION></DEPT>

4 rows selected.

4.2.196. XMLEXISTS

XMLEXISTS checks whether a given XQuery expression returns a nonempty result. If the result is nonempty, it returns TRUE. Otherwise, it returns FALSE. This function is not supported in Linux IA64, HP PA-RISC, Windows, and Solaris.

A detailed description of the XMLEXISTS function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

str

An XQuery string used to query an XML document.

expr

An expression that has an XMLType result.

If the result is not an XMLType, an error occurs.

Example

The following example shows how to use the XMLEXISTS function.

SQL> SELECT OBJECT_VALUE AS "DEPT"
     FROM DEPT_XMLTABLE
     WHERE XMLEXISTS('/DEPT[DNAME="ACCOUNTING"]'
                      PASSING OBJECT_VALUE);
                
DEPT
----------------------------------------------------------------------
<DEPT><DNAME>ACCOUNTING</DNAME><LOC>NEW YORK</LOC></DEPT>

1 row selected.

4.2.197. XMLFOREST

XMLFOREST converts each argument to XML, and then aggregates and returns the converted arguments.

A detailed description of the XMLFOREST function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

expr

If this is a column, "AS" can be omitted. Tibero uses a column name as an element name.

If this is NULL, no element is created for that value expression.

alias

This can be up to 4,000 characters when an alias for expr is specified with an AS clause.

Example

The following example shows how to use the XMLFOREST function.

SQL> SELECT XMLELEMENT("DEPT",
            XMLFOREST(DNAME,LOC)) AS "DEPT"
     FROM DEPT;
 
DEPT
----------------------------------------------------------------------
<DEPT><DNAME>ACCOUNTING</DNAME><LOC>NEW YORK</LOC></DEPT>
<DEPT><DNAME>RESEARCH</DNAME><LOC>DALLAS</LOC></DEPT>
<DEPT><DNAME>SALES</DNAME><LOC>CHICAGO</LOC></DEPT>
<DEPT><DNAME>OPERATIONS</DNAME><LOC>BOSTON</LOC></DEPT>

4 rows selected.

4.2.198. XMLPARSE

XMLPARSE generates an XML type value from expr.

A detailed description of the XMLPARSE function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
DOCUMENT	The result of expr must be a singly rooted XML document.
CONTENT	The result of expr must be an XML value.
expr	The result of expr must be a string type.
WELLFORMED	If CONTENT is specified, a database does not internally perform WELLFORMED CHECK.

Example

The following example shows how to use the XMLPARSE function.

SQL> SELECT XMLPARSE(CONTENT
       'ABC<NAME>Park</NAME><ID>123</ID>' WELLFORMED) AS PO
     FROM DUAL;
 
PO
----------------------------------------------------------------------
ABC<NAME>Park</NAME><ID>123</ID>

1 row selected.

4.2.199. XMLPI

XMLPI generates an XML processing instruction in an XML document and returns a XMP type value.

A detailed description of the XMLPI function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

identifier

A string for a name of a processing instruction syntax in an XML document.

Cannot include reserved words that XML uses internally, a question mark (?), or a greater than sign (>).

expr

Has a string as a result. If this is omitted, the string is considered to be of zero length.

Example

The following example shows how to use the XMLPI function.

SQL> SELECT XMLPI(NAME "RDBMS", 'Tibero') AS XMLPI FROM DUAL;
 
XMLPI
---------------------------------------------
<?RDBMS Tibero?>

1 row selected.

4.2.200. XMLQUERY

XMLQUERY queries XML data using a specified XML query and returns an XML type. This function is not supported in Linux IA64, HP PA-RISC, Windows, and Solaris.

A detailed description of the XMLQUERY function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

str

An XQuery string to query to an XML document.

Can be up to 4,000 characters.

expr

An expression that returns an XML document to be queried.

Must be of the XML type.

Example

The following example shows how to use the XMLQUERY function.

SQL> SELECT XMLQUERY('1, 2, 5' RETURNING CONTENT) AS XMLQRY FROM DUAL;
 
XMLQRY
---------------------------------------------
1 2 5

4.2.201. XMLROOT

XMLROOT generates the declaratives of an XML document. It returns an XML statement in a format of <?xml version="version" [standalone="{yes|no}"]?>. This function is not supported in Solaris.

A detailed description of the XMLROOT function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

expr

Expression that returns an XML statement.

If the result of the expression is not an XML statement, an error occurs.

VERSION

Expression that returns a string.

If 'NO VALUE' is specified, "1.0" is used by default.

STANDALONE

If the STANDALONE clause is omitted or 'NO VALUE' is used, then the standalone property is absent from the value returned by the function.

Example

A detailed description of the XMLROOT function is as follows:

SQL> SELECT XMLROOT(XMLTYPE('<id>31679</id>'), VERSION '1.0', STANDALONE YES)
     AS "XMLDecl" FROM DUAL;
 
XMLDecl
----------------------------------------------------------------------
<?xml version="1.0" standalone="yes"?><id>31679</id>

1 rows selected.

4.2.202. XMLSERIALIZE

XMLSERIALIZE generates a string or a LOB from expr.

A detailed description of the XMLSERIALIZE function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
DOCUMENT	The result of expr must be a singly rooted XML document.
CONTENT	The result of expr must be an XML value.
expr	An expression that returns an XML document.
datatype	Specifies the result type as either VARCHAR2 or CLOB. Defaults to CLOB.

Example

The following example shows how to use the XMLSERIALIZE function.

SQL> SELECT XMLSERIALIZE(CONTENT XMLTYPE('<A>123</A>')) AS XMLSERI FROM DUAL;
 
XMLSERI
---------------------------------------------
<A>123</A>

1 row selected.

4.2.203. XMLSEQUENCE

XMLSEQUENCE takes XML type data as an input and returns VARRAY of the data.

A detailed description of the XMLSEQUENCE function is as follows:

Syntax
Component

Component Description
xmltype_instance XML type document to be queried.

Example

The following example shows how to use the XMLSEQUENCE function.

SQL> CREATE TABLE T (col XMLTYPE);

Table 'T' created.

SQL> INSERT INTO T VALUES('<A><B>1</B><C>2</C></A>');

1 row inserted.

SQL> SELECT column_value FROM T, TABLE(XMLSEQUENCE(EXTRACT(col, '/A/B')));
         
COLUMN_VALUE
---------------------------------------------
<B>1</B>

1 row selected.

4.2.204. XMLTABLE

XMLTABLE returns the result of an XML query to an XML document in the form of a table. Each column value is specified with XPath in the resulting XML of the XML query. The return value is converted to a specified data type. This function is not supported in Linux IA64, HP PA-RISC, Windows, and Solaris.

A detailed description of the XMLTABLE function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Component	Description
xquery_str	An XML query to query to an XML document. It can be up to 4,000 characters.
str in xmlnamespace_clause	Can specify a namespace for an XML query. It can be omitted if it is not necessary.
expr in xml_passing_clause	An XML document to query an XML query.
datatype in xmltable_column	Specifies the data type of a result column.
str in xmltable_column	Specifies the name of a result column. It can be up to 4,000 characters.
expr in xmltable_column	The default value if there is no value for a corresponding XPath. If this is omitted, the default value is NULL.

Example

The following example shows how to use the XMLTABLE function.

SQL> SELECT warehouse_name warehouse,
            warehouse2."Water", warehouse2."Rail"
     FROM warehouses,
          XMLTABLE('/Warehouse'
            PASSING warehouses.warehouse_spec
            COLUMNS 
              "Water" varchar2(6) PATH '/Warehouse/WaterAccess',
              "Rail" varchar2(6) PATH '/Warehouse/RailAccess') 
       warehouse2;
 
WAREHOUSE                           Water  Rail
----------------------------------- ------ ------
Southlake, Texas                    Y      N
San Francisco                       Y      N
New Jersey                          N      N
Seattle, Washington                 N      Y

4 rows selected.

4.2.205. XMLTRANSFORM

XMLTRANSFORM transforms an xmltype_instance into an expression that is defined in xslt_document. The parameter specified in xslt_document can be entered through param_map. This function is not supported in Windows (64-bit), HP UX/PA-RISC, and Solaris.

A detailed description of the XMLTRANSFORM function is as follows:

Syntax

Component

Description

xmltype_instance

XML document to be queried. This is an XMLType.

xslt_document

XSLT document that expresses the transformation format. This is an XMLType.

param_map

Parameter defined in the XSLT document.

String in the format of name1=value1 name2=value2 ....

Example

The following example shows how to use the TRANSFORM function.

SQL> select XMLTRANSFORM(XMLTYPE('<root/>'),
   XMLTYPE('<xsl:stylesheet version="1.0"
   xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"
   xmlns:fo="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Format"
   exclude-result-prefixes="fo">
   <xsl:output method="xml"/><xsl:param name="par1"/>
   <xsl:param name="par2"/><xsl:template match="/">
   <output><param1><xsl:value-of select="$par1"/></param1>
   <param2><xsl:value-of select="$par2"/></param2></output>
   </xsl:template></xsl:stylesheet>'),
   'par1="a" par2="b"') as result from dual;

RESULT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<output><param1>a</param1><param2>b</param2></output>

1 row selected.

Component	Description
timestamp_value	An expression that returns a time value.
timezone_value	An expression that returns a time zone region name or an offset.

Component	Description
xml	XML type to convert to BLOB.
csid	ID of the characterset used for the conversion.

Component	Description
date	An expression that returns a date.
str	A string that indicates a day of the week.

Component	Description
namespace	A value to define the context.
param	A parameter name associated with the context namespace.

Component	Description
lob_column	A CHAR, VARCHAR, or CLOB column.
char	An expression that returns a string.

Component	Description
days	An integer between 0 and 999,999,999.
hours	An integer between 0 and 23
minutes, seconds	An integer between 0 and 59.
frac_secs	An integer between 0 and 999,999,999.

Component	Description
years	An integer between 0 and 999,999,999.
months	An integer between 0 and 11.

Component	Description
expr	An expression that returns an XML string.
typename	Specifies an SQL data type to be returned.

Chapter 4. Functions
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